1. Pedigree Analysis
Chapter 11 p. 308

2. Pedigree Analysis
In humans, pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases
Pedigree analysis uses family trees and information about affected individuals to:
figure out the genetic basis of a disease or trait from its inheritance pattern
predict the risk of disease in future offspring in a family (genetic counseling)

3. Pedigree Analysis I II Mating Normal Normal Female Male 1st born
Affected
Siblings

4. How to read pedigrees
Basic patterns of inheritance
autosomal, recessive
autosomal, dominant
X-linked, recessive
X-linked, dominant (very rare)

5. Autosomal Recessive Trait is rare in pedigree
Trait often skips generations
(hidden in heterozygous carriers)
Trait affects males and females equally
For each of these, over-dominance (heterozygote superiority) has been suggested as a factor in maintaining the disease alleles at high frequency in some populations

6. Most common Autosomal Recessive disorders
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Tay-Sachs disease

7. Autosomal Recessive

8. Autosomal Dominant
Trait is common in the pedigree Trait is found in every generation Affected individuals transmit the trait to approximately 1/2 of their children (regardless of sex)

9. Autosomal Dominant

10. (a sketelal disorder causing dwarfism)
ex. achondroplasia
(a sketelal disorder causing dwarfism)

11. X-Linked Recessive
Trait is rare in pedigree Trait skips generations Affected fathers DO NOT pass to their sons, Males are more often affected than females

12. X-Linked Recessive

14. X-Linked Dominant
Trait is common in pedigree Affected fathers pass to ALL of their daughters Males and females are equally likely to be affected

15. X-linked dominant diseases are extremely unusual Often, they are lethal (before birth) in males and only seen in females ex. incontinentia pigmenti (skin lesions) ex. X-linked rickets (bone lesions)

16. X-Linked Dominant

17. Remember:
dominant traits may be rare in population
recessive traits may be common in population
alleles may come into the pedigree from 2 sources
mutation happens
often traits are more complex
affected by environment & other genes
Scientists study twins to view/separate environmental contributions vs. environmental factors.
There is a large difference between fraternal twins and identical twins owing to genetic influence
EPIGENETICS OF TWINS

18. Below are some practice examples! 

19. *both autosomal and x-linked
If two affected parents have an unaffected kid, recessiveness* can be ruled out
*both autosomal and x-linked

20. Genetic Counseling
A woman’s brother died from Tay Sach’s Disease (autosomal recessive, lethal), but she is unaffected. What are the chances that she is a carrier of the disease?
2/3 (67%) B. 1/2 (50%) C. 1/4 (25%)
D. 1/6 (17%) E. 1/8 (12.5%)

21. Hint
A woman’s brother died from Tay Sach’s Disease (autosomal recessive, lethal), but she is unaffected. What are the chances that she is a carrier of the disease?
2/3 (67%) B. 1/2 (50%) C. 1/4 (25%)
D. 1/6 (17%) E. 1/8 (12.5%)

22. The answer is… D d A B DD Dd D d Dd dd C D
2/3 (67%) B. 1/2 (50%) C. 1/4 (25%)
D. 1/6 (17%) E. 1/8 (12.5%)

23. Problem 2
Assuming your grandfather is a carrier (heterozygote) for a rare recessive, disease causing allele of a given gene,
What’s the chance that you are also a carrier of this allele?
©2001 Lee Bardwell

24. IF D E F G
THEN ? H
you
2/3 B. 1/2 C. 1/4
D. 1/6 E.1/8

25. = Chance that you got a given allele from Grandpa D
1/2 (50% chance) mom
got the allele F G
1/2 (50% chance) she gave
it to you if she had it H
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
= Chance that you got a given allele from Grandpa D

26. Problem 3
Your grandfather’s sister had cystic fibrosis (rare, autosomal recessive). That’s the only case in your family.
(A) What’s the chance that you are a carrier of CF?
2/3 B. 1/2 C. 1/4
D. 1/6 E.1/8

27. Your grandfather’s sister had CF but he, his parents, and his descendants are unaffected, as are those who married into the family A B
2/3
1/2
1/4
1/6
1/8 C D E F G H
you

28. D d A B DD Dd D
2/3 d Dd dd C D E F G H
you

29. IF D E F G
THEN ? H
you

30. ANSWERS
A. 1/4 = Chance that you got any particular allele from from grandpa B. 1/6 = correct answer = 1/4 (see A) x 2/3 (chances that grandpa was a carrier)