1. Designing valves: An art or science?
John M. Karamichalis, MD, Peter E. Hammer, PhD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 155, Issue 2, Pages (February 2018)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2017 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Relationship of leaflet free edge (dashed line) to diameter (D) of valve root at tops of commissures in diastole. Φ, Angle of the leaflet free edges downward toward the point of central coaptation.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2017 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Peter E. Hammer, PhD (left), and John M. Karamichalis, MD (right)
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2017 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions