1. Suing the Government after Hurricane Betsy
The Flood Control Act of 1928 and the Federal Tort Claims Act

5. MRGO
This was originally meant to be a short-cut to the Gulf for shipping on the Mississippi.
That was stopped by not authorizing a full size lock between the MRGO and the connection to the river.
Was then intended to be a place for new industry, modeled after the Houston Ship Channel.
That was impossible because it was built through pudding.
Mostly useless, leaving the Port of NO out of modern shipping.

6. Hurricane Betsy and the MRGO
Hurricane Betsy hit New Orleans in 1965.
The MRGO was effectively finished in 1963.
As with other major storms, Betsy flooded New Orleans, putting as much water into the city as Katrina.
The city was better prepared and fewer people died that in Katrina.
As with all floods, there was a search for someone to blame and the MRGO was targeted.

7. MRGO and Hurricane Flooding in 1965
In 1965 there were no levees between the city and the MRGO.
The commonly believed theory was that the MRGO funneled water into the city, thus making the flooding worse.
This was also revived as part of the reason the levees failed during Hurricane Katrina.

8. The Science of the MRGO
Scientific analysis showed that the total cross-sectional volume of the MRGO was only a tiny fraction of the width of the surge front on the east of the city.
This meant that the MRGO could not have significantly increased the flooding during either storm.

9. The Flood Control Act of 1928 (FCA)
Passed to fund and direct flood control construction on the Mississippi after the 1927 flood.
No liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place…
When was the FTCA passed?
There were additional provisions empowering the government to buy property or floodway easements as necessary.

10. Graci v. United States, 456 F.2d 20 (5th Cir. 1971)
Plaintiff sued the Corps under the FTCA, arguing that the Corps was negligent in the construction of the MRGO, which worsened the flooding from Hurricane Betsy.
The plaintiff’s first hurdle was getting past the FCA immunity.
St Bernard and Plaquamines - Betsy
Mississippi River -- Gulf Outlet, a navigation project that provided a short-cut from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans.

11. The Application of the FCA
Prior to the FTCA, the only exceptions to FCA immunity were takings claims.
After the FTCA, courts looked more closely at the FCA and found that the FTCA did not waive the FCA immunity.
This raised the question of whether the FCA applied to projects other than flood control projects, such as navigation and irrigation projects.

12. The 5th Cir FCA Analysis of the FCA
A reading of the Act and the cases interpreting it all show that the negation of liability of the United States contained in § 702c for flood damage was aimed at flooding occuring in areas involved in actual or potential flood control projects.
The 5th Circuit limits the FCA immunity to flood control projects.
Case is remanded for the FTCA analysis

13. Graci v. U.S., 435 F.Supp. 189 (E.D.La. 1977)

14. Had New Orleans Been Flooded Before Betsy?
 27. Hurricane Betsy, while unusually ferocious, was not the only hurricane to produce flooding in the areas occupied by plaintiffs' property. Since 1900, 88 hurricanes and tropical storms have traversed through or by the Louisiana coast. Three of these, in 1915, 1947, and 1956, prior to the construction of the MRGO, produced flooding similar to that experienced in Hurricane Betsy. 

15. Why was the Flooding Worse in Betsy?
While the damage caused by Hurricane Betsy was far more severe than that occasioned during prior hurricanes, the severity and track of Hurricane Betsy are responsible therefor as opposed to any manmade construction such as the MRGO. Betsy was so severe that all the Louisiana coastal lowlands experienced some inundation and following Betsy's occurrence the scientific parameters for calculating hurricane protection were, of necessity, recomputed.

16. Did MRGO Cause Flooding?
48. The MRGO did not in any manner, degree, or way induce, cause, or occasion flooding in the Chalmette area. All flooding was the result of natural causes working upon local waters which have before threatened and caused flooding in the area due to the inadequate non-federal local protective features.

17. The Key Holding in Graci
   11. Plaintiffs have evidenced no variance between the project as completed and the construction of the project as directed by Congress.
        12. Plaintiffs have failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence any fault by the defendant in the design, construction or functioning of the MRGO.
        13. Nor have plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence any negligence by the defendant in the design, construction or functioning of said project.
        14. Nor have plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence any causal connection between the MRGO and any damages which plaintiffs may have sustained.

18. Was This the Right Message?
Did Graci implicate the Flood Control Act of 1928?
Did the court in Graci discuss the discretionary function defense in the FTCA?
What analysis did the court use for the government’s duty?
Was this the right analysis?
Why didn’t it matter?

19. Central Green Co. v. United States, 531 U.S. 425 (2001)
California Water Project - irrigation
Take water from one area and spread it around the state
Land is damaged by seepage from the canal
Question before the Court - Is this covered by FCA 702 immunity?
The feds say that any flood control purpose puts the every water related damage under flood control act immunity

20. Is there a Flood Control Purpose at All?
What happens when the snow melts too fast or there is a big rain in this system?
Does the irrigation system also handle flood water?
Does this make it entirely a flood control project, so that any damage is immunized?

21. The Holding in Central Green
The text of the statute does not include the words "flood control project." Rather, it states that immunity attaches to "any damage from or by floods or flood waters " Accordingly, the text of the statute directs us to determine the scope of the immunity conferred, not by the character of the federal project or the purposes it serves, but by the character of the waters that cause the relevant damage and the purposes behind their release.

22. No liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place...
If water project like an irrigation system also has a flood control purpose, the Act only grants immunity if the damage was related to a flood.
What if a pure navigational project caused damages because of a flood?
What if the only purpose of the project is flood control, such as a levee – are non-flood related damages covered by 702 immunity?
Should this change the 5th Cir flood control projects only test?