1. Inflammation process and possible routes of probiotic action in the maintenance of CD. In CD patients, increased epithelial tight junction permeability (“leaky gut”) favors the entrance of non-well-digested gluten peptides from the lumen to the lamina propria.
Inflammation process and possible routes of probiotic action in the maintenance of CD. In CD patients, increased epithelial tight junction permeability (“leaky gut”) favors the entrance of non-well-digested gluten peptides from the lumen to the lamina propria. Once there, they are deamidated by the tissue transglutaminase (tTG) enzyme and presented to CD4+ T immune cells by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which in CD patients is often of the haplotypes DQ2 and DQ8. Thereafter, Th1 and Th2 immune responses are triggered, resulting in autoimmunity, mucosal inflammation, and the growth of unfavorable microbiota, worsening the prognosis of disease. Three large arrows indicate where probiotics could act.
Luís Fernando de Sousa Moraes et al. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2014; doi: /CMR