1. Medium Turns The Flight Training Manual - Section 9
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2. Objectives To change direction through 360 degrees
at a constant rate (30º angle of bank),
while maintaining a constant altitude, and
keeping the aeroplane in balance.
To complete a medium turn while climbing and while descending.

3. Lift Adverse Yaw Overbanking Performance
Principles of Flight
Lift
Adverse Yaw
Overbanking
Performance

4. Lift Equals Weight Straight and Level

5. Lift Lift HCL Turning Force Provided by Tilting Lift (Bank) CPF
Horizontal Component of Lift (Centripetal Force)
Lift
HCL
CPF
30
Weight

6. Vertical Component of Lift is Less than Weight
VCL
Lift
HCL
CPF
Weight

7. Lift is Increased Vertical Component of Lift is equal to Weight
VCL
Lift
HCL
CPF
Weight

8. How is lift increased in the Medium Level Turn?
L  AoA X IAS
Lift is to be increased
Power is to remain constant (IAS nearly constant)
Increase the AoA (slight back pressure)
Increasing the AoA will increase the Lift and ????
DRAG
A small (5kt) decrease in IAS

9. With a change in Lift there is a change in Drag (Induced)
Adverse Yaw
To produce roll, the Ailerons are deflected:
One Aileron goes down (increasing Lift, wing rises)
The other goes up (decreasing Lift, wing descends)
With a change in Lift there is a change in Drag (Induced)
Yaw in the
opposite direction
Apply “same-side” Rudder

10. Methods of Reducing Differential Frise
Adverse Yaw
Methods of Reducing
Differential
Frise

11. Adverse Yaw How Much Rudder?
Depends on rate of roll (how much aileron is deflected)
Rapid Roll – requires more rudder
Same Roll Rate at Low Airspeed (Descending Turn) – requires more rudder
When ailerons centralised – reduce rudder pressure to maintain balance

12. Overbanking Outer Wing: Travels further in the same time
Travels faster
L = AoA x IAS
Increased Lift on outer wing tends to produce roll into the turn;
Overbanking
Maintain the Angle of Bank with Aileron;
“Hold Off”

13. Performance – Climbing Turn
In a climb, performance is determined by the excess of power/thrust.
Combining a turn with a climb Lift is tilted,
Drag is increased,
Excess of power decreases,
Rate of Climb reduces
Use AOB 20
Lift
Thrust
Weight

14. Performance – Descending Turn
Combining a turn with a descent Lift is tilted,
Drag is increased,
Rate of Descent increases
Use AOB 20
Lift
Drag
Weight

15. Airmanship LOOKOUT LISTEN-OUT 2 seconds per 20
Start at the tail on the opposite side to the turning direction
Continue forward passed the nose to the tail on the side of the turn.
Continue looking into the turn
LISTEN-OUT
Develop mental picture of other aircraft’s positions and intentions
When are you being called?
When to call?

16. Airmanship Situational Awareness Position:
Monitor position with respect to the training area and other traffic
360 Degree Turns:
To maintain position in the training area
Altitude:
Minimum altitudes (height AGL)
Maximum altitudes (controlled airspace)
Weather:
Cloud and Visibility – VFR
Wind?

17. Airmanship – (5-2-1)

18. Aeroplane Management Throttle Positive and smooth movements Carb Heat
Apply when needed – RPM below 2000RPM
Climb: Not used. Reduces engine performance and therefore climb performance.
Descent: Select Carb Heat HOT prior to reducing power.
Difficult to detect Carb Icing at low power settings, and with a closed throttle means a greater chance of it occurring.
Temperatures and Pressures (T’s & P’s )
In the Normal Range (Green)

19. Human Factors Disorientation Turning Sensation
Turns practised through 360 degrees to minimise
Choose an easily identified reference point as an anchor.
Turning Sensation
May feel uncomfortable at first
Tendency to lean into the turn
Body trying to realign with the perceived vertical
A slight increase in weight (G Force) – pushed into the seat.

20. Air Exercise Adverse Yaw Demonstration Only Feet off the rudder pedals
Look straight ahead
Note the movement of the nose against the horizon

21. Lookout, Reference Point (DI), Reference Altitude
Air Exercise – Entry
Lookout, Reference Point (DI), Reference Altitude
Bank Ailerons Smoothly roll into turn, 30 AOB
Balance Rudder In same direction
Pitch Elevator Slight back pressure to maintain height (1 finger)

22. Air Exercise – In the Turn
When 30 AOB achieved – Aircraft Attitude
Slight check of Aileron and Rudder to maintain
Scan
L A I
LOOKOUT Into the turn
Attitude 30 AOB and level flight (Horizon)
Instruments Confirm (Altimeter, AH, Ball)
Angle of Bank Controlled with Aileron
Altitude Controlled with Elevator
Do Not Trim

23. Check Power Attitude Trim
Air Exercise – Exit
LOOKOUT
Into the Turn, Look for Reference Point
Anticipate rollout by 1/3 Angle of Bank (10)
Bank Aileron – Smoothly roll wings level
Balance Rudder – In same direction
Pitch Elevator – Relax
Reset Straight and Level attitude
Check Power Attitude Trim

24. Air Exercise – Climbing Turn Entry
Establish the Climb
Lookout
Bank – Ailerons
20 AOB
Balance – Rudder
Pitch – Relax to maintain attitude for climb speed

25. Air Exercise – Descending Turn Entry
Establish the Descent
Lookout
Bank – Ailerons
20 AOB
Balance – Rudder
Pitch – Relax to maintain attitude for descent speed