1. International Marketing
National College of Business Administration & Economics
Saad Ahmed Javed

2. Trade Theories and Economic Development
Chapter 2
Trade Theories and Economic Development

3. Chapter Outline Basis for International Trade
- Production Possibility Curve
- Principle of Absolute Advantage
- Principle of Comparative/Relative Advantage
Exchange Ratios, Trade, and Gain
Factor Endowment Theory

4. Chapter Outline The Competitive Advantage of Nations
A Critical Evaluation of Trade Theories
- The Validity of Trade Theories
- Limitations and Suggested Refinements
Economic Cooperation
- Levels of Economic Integration
Economic and Marketing Implications

5. Basis for International Trade
Principle of Absolute Advantage
- a country should export a commodity that can be produced at a lower cost than can other nations
- or import a commodity that can only be produced at a higher cost than can other nations

6. Basis for International Trade
Principle of Comparative/Relative Advantage
- a country should export either a product with the greatest comparative advantage (or with the least comparative disadvantage)
- or import either a product for which it has the greatest comparative disadvantage (or the least comparative advantage)

7. Factor Endowment Theory
Factors of Production
- labor
- land
- capital
- others (entrepreneurship skills, technology, education, etc.)
inequality of relative prices is a function of regional factor endowments
comparative advantage is determined by relative abundance of such endowments
*In economics a country's factor endowment is the amount of land, labor, capital, and Entrepreneurship etc that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing.

8. Michael Porter The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Determinants of International Competitiveness
- factor conditions
- demand conditions
- related and supporting industries
- firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
- chance
- government

10. Validity of Trade Theories
Leontief Paradox
Tendency for countries with similar endowments to trade among themselves
Offshoring
Factor Mobility and Substitution
Demand
Marketing
Trade Barriers

11. Levels of Economic Cooperation
Free Trade Area
Customs Union
Common Market
Economic & Monetary Union
Political Union

12. Economic Cooperation Free Trade Area - elimination of internal duties
Customs Union
- free trade area + establishment of common barriers
Common Market
- customs union + removal of restrictions on movement of production factors

13. Economic Cooperation Economic and Monetary Union - common market
- + harmonization of national economic policies
- + one money
Political Union
- harmonization of national political policies