1. Extensive techno-economic assessment
Combined Inverted Brayton – Organic Rankine Cycle for High-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery
Structural integration of two thermodynamics cycles: inverted Brayton (IBC) and organic Rankine (ORC), enables two use the proposed technology with high efficiency for waste heat recovery in a wide spectrum of high-temperature exhaust sources.
Current stage: a submission is under minor revision in Energy Conversion and Management journal (Scopus CiteScore 2017: 6.85) ([Abrosimov et al., 2019]). An initial market analysis was performed.
Patenting potential: 1) Useful model. The basic idea was disclosed in 2010, but specific configuration is patentable to the best of our knowledge; 2) Patent of a close idea specifically oriented on internal combustion engines, which currently is also under development.
End-users: 1) owners of generating and driving reciprocating engines (capacity MW) including marine Diesel, 2) owners of gas turbines of gas-pumping stations, 3) owners of Diesel driven ships, - who want to receive additional electrical power without changing of the existing facility. Also, heavy-trucks owners may be end-users at further steps.
Clients: to be defined: a) end-users, b) engine producers (licensing)
Potential partnership with Belgium start-up “Mitis” (Liege University). They have a good component, and experimental base, and experience for the building of the prototype. NDA with them is being processed in Skoltech now.
Project end-results: two patents, prototype built in partnership with Liege University, detailed market analysis, 5 potential agreements with potential clients (for scenario a.), 2 potential producers (in case of scenario b.)
Extensive techno-economic assessment
Kirill Abrosimova
Prof. Andrea Bacciolib
Prof. Aldo Bischia, b

2. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumptions
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

3. ORC installation trend
Heat recovery
Crude oil price [USD/bbl]
Installed capacity [MW/year]
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
Evolution of installed ORC capacity over time
[Tartière, Thomas, and Marco Astolfi. "A world overview of the organic Rankine cycle market." Energy Procedia 129 (2017): 2-9]

4. Problem statement. 1 Tmax1 – working fluid temperature limit Tmax2
Temperature, K ` ∆T
Tmax2
Tmax1
Exhaust temperature (450 – 800 oC)
Entropy, J/kg∙K
Tmax1 – working fluid temperature limit
Tmax2 – intermediate fluid temperature limit
∆T emphasizes unused thermodynamic potential.
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

5. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumption
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

6. Investigated solution
Combined inverted Brayton – organic Rankine cycle (IBC+ORC)
Entropy, J/kg·K
Temperature, K
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

7. Investigated solution
Combined inverted Brayton – organic Rankine cycle (IBC+ORC)
Entropy, J/kg·K
Temperature, K
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

8. Problem statement. 2 Temperature, K Entropy, J/kg∙K
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
[Yue, Chen, Dong Han, and Wenhao Pu. "Analysis of the integrated characteristics of the CPS (combined power system) of a bottoming organic Rankine cycle and a diesel engine." Energy 72 (2014): ]

9. Problem statement. 2
Increased engine backpressure causes the decrease of the engine power.
Temperature, K
Entropy, J/kg∙K
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
[Yue, Chen, Dong Han, and Wenhao Pu. "Analysis of the integrated characteristics of the CPS (combined power system) of a bottoming organic Rankine cycle and a diesel engine." Energy 72 (2014): ]

10. Problem statement. 2
Increased engine backpressure causes the decrease of the engine power.
It may cause a violation of engine operating conditions; hence, warranty issues are possible.
Temperature, K
Entropy, J/kg∙K
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
[Yue, Chen, Dong Han, and Wenhao Pu. "Analysis of the integrated characteristics of the CPS (combined power system) of a bottoming organic Rankine cycle and a diesel engine." Energy 72 (2014): ]

11. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumptions
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

12. Case-study and assumptions
I-D Aspen Hysys simulation
Pre-design optimization
Gas-fired ICE 1400 kW
Nominal Texhaust: 520 oC
Main assumptions:
Pressure losses: relative pressure drop
Minimal pinches: 5-30 oC
Turbomachinery efficiency adjustment
Air cooling: 17 W/kWh
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
System efficiency:

13. More assumptions
Evaporation-condensation temperature limit [ ] – feasibility limitation for one stage radial turbine.
ES: Peng-Robinson for ORC fluids, Refprop for exhaust gas
Expander and pump efficiency: 80%
Generator efficiency: 96%
Min gap till critical temperature: 15 oC
Condenser pinch: 5 oC;
Evaporator pinch: 15 oC
Superheating: 5-40 oC
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
[Quoilin, Sylvain, et al. "Working fluid selection and operating maps for Organic Rankine Cycle expansion machines." Proceedings of the 21st international compressor conference at Purdue ]

14. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumptions
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

15. Choice of ORC working fluid
Power and system efficiency of ORC and ORC Reg [*]
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
*[Abrosimov, K.A., Andrea Baccioli A, and Bischi A. "Techno-economic analysis of combined inverted Brayton–Organic Rankine cycle for high-temperature waste heat recovery." Energy Conversion and Management: X 3 (2019):

16. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumption
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

17. Benchmarking and comparison
System efficiency of
ORC, ORC Reg, CS, and CS Reg for 470, 520, and 570 oC
temperature of exhaust:
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

18. Benchmarking and comparison + sensitivity
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
Effect of change in assumed parameters on the system efficiency of ORC Reg and CS Reg.
System efficiency of ORC, ORC Reg, CS, and CS Reg
for 470, 520, and 570 oC temperature of exhaust

19. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumption
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

20. Water condensation effect
Gross
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
IBC performance. Influence of water condensation. [*]

21. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumption
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

22. Sensitivity from ambient temperature
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
System performance for different ambient temperatures

23. Sensitivity from ambient temperature
With the increase of ambient temperature in the range from 5 to 35oC, the efficiency of the system goes down from 14.6 % to 10.3 %,
The decrease is not proportional; the share of IBC part is depreciating.
Decrease of system efficiency is slightly non-linear.
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
System performance for different ambient temperatures

24. Outline Problems of ORC in high-temperature WHR
Alternative solution studied
Case-study and assumption
Choice of working fluid for ORC
Benchmarking versus ORC
Water condensation issue
Ambient temperature effect
Efficiency vs. economics
Conclusions & Prospects
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

25. LCOE vs efficiency. Pareto fronts
Levelized cost of energy:
Module costing technique [Turton, 2008]
Pareto fronts based on pre-design MO optimization
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

26. LCOE vs efficiency. Pareto fronts
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy
Pareto front for LCOE-efficiency pair and optimal pressure ratio of the IBC turbine. Tamb=20 oC.

27. Conclusions
With the increase of Tamb (5 to 35oC), the ηsys decreases (14.6 to 10.3 %)
The decrease is not proportional; the share of IBC part is depreciating.
A recommended configuration resulted from two-objective optimization suggests ηsys =12.11 % and LCOE = $/MWh.
Temperature before the compressor (driven by Tamb) changes the shape of IBC power-pressure ratio curve. It affect optimization results, and should be considered.
Condensation does not occur above certain temperature before the compressor.
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

28. Prospects
Further study of the water condensation issue considering sulfur contaminants in the exhaust gas for other fuels
Economics of combined heat and power application.
Component study and design.
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy

29. Many thanks for attention!
Your comments, feedback, ideas, suggestions are welcome!
Contact details:

30. LCOE vs efficiency. Summary
Parameter
470 oC 
520 oC
570 oC
 η optimization
η, %
11.13
12.49
13.74
LCOE, $/MWh
191.5
172.7
156.8
LCOE optimization
9.63
11.43
10.9
182.1
159.3
142.8
Recommended configuration
12.11
13.24
Net power, kW
122.6
147.1
172.9
185.0
162.4
145.3
Cap.cost, $/kW
12 420
10 910
9 760
PR, -
2.24
2.53
2.79
LCOE increase with growth of the efficiency approaching the maximum of efficiency.
A recommended configuration was found based on the two-objective optimization with ηsys =12.11 % and LCOE = $/MWh for nominal Texhaust
Capital investments might be a driver for choice of configuration
The proposed solution may suggest an additional electrical power in case of the power consumption growth but with the “old” facility still well-operating. Also, the solution may be benefit-driven, mostly for the European market where the private electricity selling to the grid is much more common than in Russia.
In comparison with the main alternative, the organic Rankin cycle (ORC), the solution provides:
- higher efficiency (approx. + 15% (relative));
- no impact on the primer engine due to IBC. “Install it nearby and get power”;
- better economic parameters (LCOE* = 160 $/MW vs. 172 $/MW for ORC). [Abrosimov et al., 2019]
*Levelized Cost of Energy