1. Introduction to 3D Analysis
Jinwu Ma
Jie Chang
Khalid Duri

2. 3D Analyst Features… Area & Volume Data Management Surface Derivatives
Detect Change
Determine Cut/Fill
Calculate Surface Area & Volume
Area & Volume
3D Analyst Features…
Data Creation
Data Conversion
Lidar QA/QC
Lidar Classification
Lidar Management
Surface Interpolation
Data Management
Contours
Slope
Aspect
Statistics
Identify Outliers
Interpolate Geometry Perform Math Operations
Building Footprint Regularization
Surface Derivatives
3D Statistics 3D Proximity
3D Intersections Visualization
Profile Graphs
Interpolate Features
Extrude Between Surfaces
Overlay
Sight Line Analysis
Viewshed Determination
Skyline Analysis
Shadow Modeling
Hillshade
Visibility

3. What’s New for 3D Analysis
Enhancements for ArcGIS Pro 1.3
Automated lidar building classification
Interactive lidar point classification
Create tiled LAS & ZLAS files
Convert LAS file versions & point record formats
Split a multipatch feature into its constituent parts
Export the footprint of groups of multipatch features

4. How is XYZ Information Represented?
3D Features
Surface
Points
Lines
Polygons
Multipatch
LAS Dataset
Thematic Layers
CityEngine RPKs
KML
Raster
Mosaic
TIN
Terrain
LAS Dataset
NetCDF

5. Understanding the Surface
A continuous measurement that represents one Z value for a given XY location
Temperature
Gravity
Soil studies
Epidemiology
Chemical concentrations
Many diverse applications…

6. Surface Types Raster Surface TIN Based Surfaces
Made by interpolation, generalize source measurements to cell size
Fast to process, support robust math operations
TIN Based Surfaces
Created by triangulation, maintain source measurements
Support robust surface definitions & data

7. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Based Surfaces
Well-suited for engineering applications and analysis of study areas that are not exceedingly large, provides interactive editing options.
Terrain
Multi-resolution, scalable, offers robust support for handling large amounts of data.
LAS Dataset
Rapidly visualize, filter, perform QA/QC and analyze lidar data. Well suited for aerial collections, supports compressed lidar in ZLAS format.
Delaunay Triangulation

8. Surface Features Mass points: Measurements used for triangulation
TIN Based Surface Concepts
Mass points: Measurements used for triangulation
Erase polygon: Interior areas of no data
Replace polygon: Assigns a constant z value
Clip polygon: Defines the interpolation zone
Also supports:
Break lines
Tag values
Note: Tag values are only supported by the TIN dataset.

9. Breaklines & Hard/Soft Designation
TIN Based Surface Concepts

10. Editing a TIN Surface in ArcMap
TIN Editors: Add, modify, or remove nodes, edges, triangles & tag values
Grading Tool: Modify surface using line with slope properties.

11. Exploratory Analysis
Interactive Tools in ArcMap
Interpolate Geometry: Creates 3D features based on surface Z.
Steepest Path: Determines steepest path from select point.
Target Surface Layer: Surface layer in document that will be processed by interactive tools.
Contour: Creates a single isoline at the selected point.
Profile: Creates profile graph of surface or point cloud.
Line of Sight: Determines visibility of sight line & identifies possible obstructing point

12. Data Conversion: Robust interoperability.
Geoprocessing Tools
ArcGIS Framework for Data Creation, Management, & Analysis
3D Features: Overlay, proximity, and geometric analysis of 3D features.
Data Management: Lidar classification & analysis, TIN & terrain management.
Data Conversion: Robust interoperability.
Functional Surface: Surface analysis.
Raster toolsets: Interpolation, mathematic operations, reclassification & surface derivatives.
Triangulated Surface: TIN based analysis.
Visibility: Sightline, viewshed, & skyline analysis.

13. Doing More with Lidar Automated classification:
Classification, Data Management & Analysis
Automated classification:
Ground
Buildings
Height above ground (vegetation, noise)
Interactive classification
Clip, tile, and project lidar
Perform QA/QC
Statistical analysis
DEM/DSM production
Download 3D Sample Tools for more lidar solutions:

14. Interacting with Lidar in ArcMap
3D View: Provides 3D view of LAS points within ArcMap.
Filters: Shortcuts to commonly used LAS classification filters.
Symbology: Shortcuts to commonly used symbology options.
Profile View: Provides profile view of LAS points, enables interactive classification editing.
Target Layer: LAS dataset layer in document that will be processed by interactive tools.

15. Interacting with Lidar in ArcGIS Pro

16. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)
Raster Interpolation
Distance Based Weight Interpolators
Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)
Consider using when source data measurements are dense enough to capture the local surface variation required for analysis, and interpolation barrier enforcement is needed.
Natural Neighbor
A better version of IDW, but takes longer to process due to its “smarter” method of applying weights. Consider using if you do not want your surface to exceed the min/max values in the sample measurements.

17. Raster Interpolation Spline Trend Trend Interpolators
Consider when needing to capture sinks and peaks that are not part of sparsely sampled measurements.
Trend
Use when looking for trends in source measurements that represents data with gradual variation (e.g. wind speed, temperature)

18. Raster Interpolation Kriging Topo To Raster
Widely used when working with sparse measurements if trends in data are well understood. Consider Kriging with Geostatistical Analyst.
Semivariance
Distance
Empirical Semivariogram
Topo To Raster
Generates hyrdologically correct surface that connects drainage structures, eliminates localized sinks, and captures ridges & streams.

19. Choosing the Most Appropriate Surface Model
What is the nature of data being modeled?
How is the data distributed?
How will the data be used?

20. 3D Feature Analysis

21. Proximity Analysis Create 3D buffers
Determine distance to closest features
Model the minimum bounding volume
Find intersection of 3D lines, planes and volumes

22. Spatial & Statistical Analysis
Calculate slope
Determine area & volume
Find 3D length
Regularize building footprints
Create sealed enclosures

23. Overlay Analysis
Find the intersection of 3D lines, planes, and volumes
Determine the difference between 3D features
Find features that are contained within an enclosed region
Merge intersecting features

24. Viewshed Analysis
Surface Visibility
Determine how many observers can see a given location
Determine which observers see a specific location
Find the height a non-visible location must be raised to become visible
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25. Sight Line Analysis Determine visibility along a line in true 3D space
Identify points of obstruction

26. Skyline Analysis Delineate the horizon for each observer
Studying the Horizon
Delineate the horizon for each observer
Segment the horizon by each contributing feature
Graph the percent of sky that is obstructed

27. Skyline Barrier Visualize the visible frustum
Identify visible facades of 3D features
Model shadows cast by localized light sources

28. Hillshade Visualization & Analysis
Localized illumination from a fixed trajectory of light
Provides 3D experience on a 2D map
Offers planimetric view that’s helpful for identifying features
Can model shadows
Hillshade at 45°
Hillshade at 90°

29. Sun Shadow Volume Determine the shadows cast by 3D features
Creates closed volumes that can be used in overlay analysis
Find what features intersect or are entirely contained by one or more shadows
Urban heat island evaluation
“Right-to-light” studies