1. Introduction to the OntoLex-Lemon Model
John P. McCrae1, Thierry Declerck2
1Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland Galway
2Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities

2. RDF Turtle (Terse) Syntax

3. Simple (!) RDF Document
< < “ ”^^< gativeInteger> .
< < < .
< < < .

4. Prefixes
@prefix dbo: < . @prefix dbp: < . @prefix rdf: < . @prefix xsd: < .
< < “ ”^^< .
< < ns#type> < .
< < ns#type> < .
dbp:Paris dbo:populationTotal “ ”^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger .
dbp:Paris rdf:type dbo:Location .
dbp:Paris rdf:type < .
@prefix pre: <long> .
pre:name => <long+name>

5. Continuations
dbp:Paris dbo:populationTotal “ ”^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . dbp:Paris rdf:type dbo:Location . dbp:Paris rdf:type < .
Replace . with ; to repeat subject and , to repeat subject and object
dbp:Paris dbo:populationTotal “ ”^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; rdf:type dbo:Location , < .
Or more nicely formatted:
dbp:Paris dbo:populationTotal “ ”^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; rdf:type dbo:Location , < .

6. RDF Lists ex:node ?? rdf:nil “one” “two” rdf:rest rdf:rest rdf:first

7. Blank nodes
Some nodes do not have a known URI, we call these blank nodes, they are denoted with [ ] or _:id.
A typical use is for lists:
ex:node rdf:first “one” ; rdf:rest _:n1 . _:n1 rdf:first “two” ; rdf:rest rdf:nil .
ex:node rdf:first “one” ; rdf:rest [ rdf:first “two” ; rdf:rest rdf:nil ] .
Actually Turtle supports an even more compact syntax for lists
( “one” “two” )

8. URLs http://www.example.com/path/to/file#identifer Domain Fragment
Protocol
Path

9. Relative URLs
URLs may be resolved relative to the Base URL (e.g., the URL used to find the document)
<
<// </path/to/file#identifer> <file#identifer> <#identifer>

10. Design of the Model

11. History LingInfo (Buitelaar, 2006) Monnet Lemon (2011)
Linguistic Information Repository (Montiel-Ponsoda, 2008)
OntoLex
Use Cases
(2014)
Lexicography Module
(2019)
LexInfo
(2010)
OntoLex Lemon Final Specification (2016)
LexOnto (Cimiano, 2007)
OntoLex
CG Founded
(2012)

12. General Requirements R1. OWL and RDF R2. Multilinguality
R3. Semantics by Reference
R4. Openness
R5. Reuse relevant standards

13. RDF and OWL RDF models are labelled directed graphs Representation
Each entry has a URI
Reuse of lexicon data
Reasoning

14. Multilinguality Support any language
Do not make language-specific assumptions
Part-of-speech values
Gender
Translation and variation

15. Semantics by Reference
Meaning of a word given by reference
Reference captures semantic information
Disambiguation is performed relative to the ontology
No (traditional) word senses

16. Openness Extensible with new models
No unnecessary choices of linguistic categories
No payment or restrictions in using the model

17. Reuse standards Reuse as many standards as possible OWL RDF SKOS
Dublin Core
LMF
TMF

18. The OntoLex-Lemon Model

19. ...Cuairt Liteartha do Theangacha Mionlaigh san Eoraip...
Ontologies
...Cuairt Liteartha do Theangacha Mionlaigh san Eoraip...

20. Linked Data on the Web “Edema” http://dbpedia.org/resource/Edema
umls:C
mesh:D00487
icd10:R60.9

21. Linked Data with Language
“Edemata”
“Edema”
mesh:D00487
icd10:R60.9
umls:C
“Dropsy”

22. Lexical Entries EDEMA DROPSY “Edemata” “Edema” “Dropsy” dbpedia:Edema
mesh:D00487
“Edema”
icd10:R60.9
DROPSY
“Dropsy”
umls:C

23. What is a lexical entry?
A lexical entry represents a unit of analysis of the lexicon that consists of a set of forms that are grammatically related and a set of base meanings that are associated with these forms. Thus, a lexical entry is a word, multiword expression or affix with a single part-of-speech, morphological pattern, etymology and set of senses.

24. Forms
“Edemata”
“Edema”
number=plural
number=singular
EDEMA

25. Senses
EDEMA
DROPSY
dating=old
dbpedia:Fish_Dropsy
dbpedia:Edema

27. The Model

29. Simple Entry OntoLex Namespace
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix skos: < .
<#cat> a ontolex:Word ;
ontolex:canonicalForm [
ontolex:writtenRep ] ;
ontolex:denotes [
skos:definition “A four-legged, furry ] .
Lemma
Sense

30. Simple Entry with Grammatical Information
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix skos: < .
@prefix lexinfo: < .
<#cat> a ontolex:Word ;
lexinfo:partOfSpeech lexinfo:noun
ontolex:canonicalForm [
ontolex:writtenRep ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:singular ] ;
ontolex:otherForm [
ontolex:writtenRep ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural ] ;
ontolex:denotes [
skos:definition “A four-legged, furry ] .
LexInfo Ontology
Part of Speech
Inflected Form

31. Restriction on Lexical Sense
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix dbpedia: < .
@prefix dbo: < .
<#bulrush> a ontolex:Word ;
ontolex:sense [
ontolex:reference dbpedia:Typha ;
ontolex:usage [ rdf:value “British English” ] ] ;
ontolex:denotes dbpedia:Typha .
<#cattail> a ontolex:Word ;
ontolex:usage [ rdf:value “American English” ] ] ;
sense ⚬ reference =
denotes
Restriction on Lexical Sense

32. <http://john.mccr.ae> foaf:knows agsc:cimiano
Syntax and Semantics
John knows Philipp
< foaf:knows agsc:cimiano

33. Syntax and Semantics

34. Syntactic Frames Synsem Module
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix synsem: < .
@prefix lexinfo: < .
<#know> a ontolex:Word ;
synsem:synBehavior <#know/transitive> .
<#know/transitive> a synsem:SyntacticFrame ;
lexinfo:subject <#know/subject> ;
lexinfo:directObject <#know/directObject> .
Frame

35. Semantic Frames
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix synsem: < .
@prefix lexinfo: < .
@prefix foaf: <
@prefix rdfs: < .
<#know> a ontolex:Word ;
ontolex:sense <#know/sense> ;
synsem:synBehavior <#know/transitive> .
<#know/sense> a ontolex:LexicalSense , synsem:OntoMap ;
synsem:ontoMap <#know/sense> ;
ontolex:reference foaf:knows ;
synsem:subjOfProp <#know/subject> ;
synsem:objOfProp <#know/directObject> .
foaf:knows a rdf:Property ;
rdfs:domain foaf:Person ;
rdfs:range foaf:Person .
Lexical sense is an ontology mapping
Identifiers from syntactic frame
Ontological definition of semantic frame

36. Syntactic-Semantic Mapping
Lexical Entry
Argument
(subject)
Lexical Sense/
Onto Map
Syntactic Frame
Argument
(object)
Class
(domain)
Property
Class
(range)

37. Decomposition
Qualitätsmanagement-System
Qualität Management System

38. Decomposition

39. constituent ⚬ correspondsTo
Decomposition
constituent ⚬ correspondsTo =
subterm
@prefix ontolex: < .
@prefix decomp: < .
<#summer_school> a ontolex:MultiWordExpression ;
decomp:subterm <#summer>, <#school> .
<#école_d’été> a ontolex:MultiWordExpression ;
decomp:constituent <#école_d’été/école> ,
<#école_d’été/de> ,
<#école_d’été/été> ;
rdf:_1 <#école_d’été/école> ;
rdf:_2 <#école_d’été/de> ;
rdf:_3 <#école_d’été/été> ;
<#école_d’été/de> a decomp:Component ;
decomp:correspondsTo <#de> ;
lexinfo:lexTermType lexinfo:contraction .
Order
Component Properties

40. Variation and Translation
Cultural
Translation
“Japanese Rice

41. Variation and Translation

42. How to represent translation
Lexical Level
(4) Translatable As
Lexicosemantic Level
vartrans:Translation
(3) Stand-off
Sense
Sense
(2) Translation
Semantic Level
dbpedia:Rice
(1) Shared Reference

43. Linguistic Metadata
Magic Ontology
Jace the Wizard
Erhnam the Djinn

44. LiMe - Linguistic Metadata
See Manuel’s Talk

45. Future Directions

46. New Modules Morphology
Lexicography (for traditional lexicographic resources)
Frequency, Attribution and Corpus Information (FRAC)
Etymology and Diachronicity
Lexico-Syntactic Categories

47. Lexicography Module

48. Community Group
Please join!

49. Thanks.
This work has emanated from research supported in part by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under Grant Number SFI/12/RC/2289, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No , ELEXIS - European Lexical Infrastructure.

50. Coffee