1. Geographic Information Systems
GIS Output

2. 1. Color Theory Additive primaries blue, green, and red
Subtractive primaries
yellow, cyan, and magenta

3. 1. (1) Additive Primaries Superimposing blue, green, and red light
blue  + green + red = white

4. Additive Primaries ..
Yellow, cyan, and magenta are complements to blue, red, and green, respectively
Various combinations of the three primaries produce different colors

5. 1. (2) Subtractive Primaries
Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye:      
yellow  + magenta + cyan = black        yellow  + magenta = red        yellow  + cyan = green        magenta + cyan = blue

6. Subtractive Primaries ..
Yellow, cyan, and magenta
Cyan = white – red
Magenta = white – green
Yellow = white - blue

7. 2. Cartographic Symbols
Point symbols
 Line symbols
 Area symbols

8. 2. (1) Point Symbols Points e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees Lines
e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes
Areas
e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions

9. Strategies of Symbolization
The use of point, line, and area symbols depends on
- spatial scale of a project
- purpose of a project
- convention
USGS Map Symbols

10. Strategies of Symbolization ..
M. Dolce

11. Strategies of Symbolization ..

12. Strategies of Symbolization ..

13. Strategies of Symbolization ..
Identification and Awareness of Hazardous Waste Sites

14. 3. Primary Graphic Elements
Hue
Value
Size
Shape
Spacing
Orientation
Location

15. Primary Graphic Elements ..
Hue - Color
Value - Lightness or darkness of a mark, tone
Size - size of a mark
Shape - shape of a mark
Spacing - distance between component marks
Orientation - directional arrangement of marks
Location - location of map components, titles, legends, etc.

16. 3. (7) Location Location of map components, titles, legends, etc.
Data source
Title
Legend

17. Southeastern Geographer, 2009
Southeastern Geographer, Searching for a New Brand Reimagining a More Diverse Orlando.49(2):

18. X -- Graphic Element is not suitable.
Point Data
Line Data
Area Data
Graphic Element
Nominal Numerical
Nominal Numerical
Nominal Numerical
Shape/Pattern X X X
Color X X X
Size X X X X X X
Value
X -- Graphic Element is not suitable.

19. 4. Components of Map Design
Clarity and legibility
Visual contrast
Visual balance
Figure vs. ground
Hierarchical organization

20. 4. (1) Clarity and Legibility
Size
Length vs. width
Contrasting color and shape of symbols
Map components

21. 4. (2) Visual Contrast
Sufficient difference among symbols

22. 4. (3) Visual Balance
Relative position and visual importance of map components
Optical Center
The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the optical center, rather than the geometric center
The two centers of an image space
Geometric center
Jim Besley & Kurt Snider, US Fish & Wildlife Service

23. 4. (4) Figure vs. Ground
Differentiation, closed, small or continuous forms, brightness, detail of features and ground
Figures – important objects
Grounds – things less important

24. Figure vs. Ground .. Figures – important objects
Grounds – things less important

25. 4. (5) Hierarchical Organization
Extensional - network of lines of varying significance
Subdivisional - internal relationship of a hierarchy

26. Hierarchy ..
Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

27. Hierarchy ..
Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

28. Readings
Chapter 7