1. EARTH’S SURFACE AND TECTONIC PROCESS
The Rock Cycle

2. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
Minerals are non-living compounds that have a
specific formula and a crystalline structure
Rocks are formed from combinations of minerals,
and fall into three categories:
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
Rocks undergo a process called the rock cycle, in which
they may change from one form of rock to another

3. ROCK TYPES 1) Igneous Rocks
Hardened magma (melted rock), if magma reaches surface it is called lava
If formed from magma = intrusive (inside the earth) igneous rocks,
If formed from lava = extrusive (outside the earth) igneous rocks
From ocean crust = Gabbros and Basalts
From Continental crust = Andesite and Granite

4. How fast an igneous rock cools determines its structure and type of rock.
The slower the rock cools, the coarser it becomes. This is because the crystals are larger.
Igneous rocks can be further classified as mafic or felsic.
Mafic rocks contain high amounts of magnesium and iron. They are darker in color and dense
Felsic rocks are high in feldspar and silica. They are lighter in color and less dense

5. Sedimentary rocks
Made from small particles caused by erosion of other rocks called sediment
Over time it compacts and hardens into rocks

6. The process by which sediment becomes sedimentary rock
Lithification
The process by which sediment becomes sedimentary rock
1st step : erosion
2nd step : deposition
3rd step : compaction
4th step : cementation

7. Sedimentary Rocks : Erosion
Destructive forces are constantly breaking up and wearing away all the rocks on Earth’s surface
The forces include heat and cold, rain, waves, and grinding ice
Erosion occurs when running water or wind loosens and carry away the fragments of rock.

8. Eventually, the moving water or wind slows and deposits the sediment.
Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition
Eventually, the moving water or wind slows and deposits the sediment.
If water is carrying the sediment, rock fragments and other materials sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean.
Deposition is the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

9. After sediment has been deposited, the processes of
compaction and cementation change the sediment
into sedimentary rock.
In addition to particles of rock, sediment may include
shells, bones, leaves, stems, and other remains of
living things.
Over time, any remains of living things in the
sediment may slowly harden
and change into fossils trapped in the rock.

10. Sedimentary Rocks: Compaction
At first the sediments fit together loosely. But gradually, over millions of years, thick layers of sediment build up.
These layers are heavy and press down on the layers beneath them.
Then compaction
occurs.
Compaction is the process that presses sediments together.

11. Sedimentary Rocks: Compaction
Year after year more sediment falls on top, creating new layers.
The weight of the layers further compacts the sediments, squeezing them tightly together.
The layers often remain visible in the sedimentary rock.

12. Sedimentary rocks can also be formed from
minerals dissolved in water
When the water evaporates, these minerals are
deposited and form layers
These rocks are called chemical sedimentary rocks
An example of this is sodium chloride, or table salt
Another common chemical sedimentary rock is
limestone, made from the remains of marine animals

13. Sedimentary Rocks: Cementation
While compaction is taking place, the minerals in the rock slowly dissolve in the water.
The dissolved minerals seep into the spaces between particles of sediment.
Cementation is the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.
It often takes millions of years for compaction and cementation to transform loose sediments into solid sedimentary rock.

14. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have "morphed" into another kind of rock.
These rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks.
How do sedimentary and igneous rocks change?
The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change.
Metamorphic Rocks

17. Hot Springs and Geysers
Hot springs: Heated water from magma goes to earth surface through fault line
Geysers: Similar, but there is a block in the fault line. The water pools, becomes superheated until the steam pushes through the passage and creates a shot of water up into the surface