1. Impacts of the enlargements on the European economic pattern
dr. László Jeney
associate professor
Economic and Human Geography
bachelor study programmes (BA)
Spring term 2018/2019.
CUB Institue of Economic Geography, Geoeconomy and Sustainable Development

2. Insufficient economic dynamism of European Union
GDP growth rate
1950s, 1960s: economic miracles
From 1970s: slower than USA, Japan + rather fluctuating
After the turn of the new Millennium: GDP growth: 2,8%
1960s: Mass of guest workers
From N Afr., TR, former YU, later from the other post-socialist countries too) – cultural and legal hampers of their integration
Significant regional differences (per capita GDP, GDP growth)
East accession countries: lagging economy  new challenges 2

3. The European Core Area Pentagon/Core Area: 20% Population: 40%
GDP: 50% 3

4. Geographic shift of the economic core
From Blue Banana (traditional core) to Golden Banana (European Sunbelt) 4

5. Geographic concentration of the economy still remained in the Core
Economic development:
GDP per capita
Economic density:
GDP per area 5

6. Key Factors of Urban Competitiveness in European Space Structure6

7. The subject of research, basic assumptions
New factors affecting the regional processes of East Central Europe at the turn of the millennium
Transition (the end of the bipolar world system)
Integration (accession to the European Union)
Globalization
Dynamic take-off, but cities and rural regions get different developmental impulses
Dual effects on economic pattern of V4 Countries (trade-off theories)
Convergence in pan-European relation (catching-up)
Divergence in urban–rural relation 7

8. Database used and the territorial frame
Economic development measured only with per capita GDP
At current market prices in €
Examined period: 1995–2013
Data source: Eurostat
East Central Europe
Broader
Cultural, historical relationships
V4 Countries
Narrower
Current political states (CZ, HU, PL, SK)
Regional level: NUTS3 8

9. Definition of the Concept of Urban and Rural Regions
Urban regions = cities
Population >500 thousand + Bratislava
Without suburbs
Regions at NUTS3 level (Bratislava  Bratislavský County)
Rural regions = complementary regions
≠ Villages
≠ Regions with rural characters (e. g. sparse population, importance of agriculture) 9

10. Cities as positive residuums of the East Central European space structure
population 2004 (million)
GDP 2004 (billion €)
per capita GDP 2013 (€ per capita)
GDP growth 1995–2013 (%)
V4 (NUTS3)
Total 64
407
6377
206
Cities 8
106
13368
237
Relative state of cities
12%
26%
210%
+31%-point
EU (NUTS3)
20%
29%
141%
+8%-point
USA (SMA)
38%
49%
129%
Canada (CMA)
45%
54%
120%
Measuring Urban–Rural Duality
DUR = xU/xR: =urban–rural duality index
xU: average per capita GDP of cities in a country
xR: average per capita GDP of rural regions in a country 10

11. Post-socialist countries characterized with growing urban–rural dualism
Change of Urban–Rural Duality in EU Member States, 1995–2013
Chiefly the outstanding of capitals
More remarkable in case of underdeveloped, catching-up V4 countries than older members
Differences of Urban–Rural Duality in Member States of EU, 2013 11
Source of data: EuroStat

12. Relationship Between State of Development and Urban–Rural Duality for EU Members, 201312
Source of data: EuroStat

13. Growing Importance of Cities in European Economic Pattern
Most of the cities over average
Studying success of cities: key issue for current European regional trends and regional policy
Some countries
Only the cities are over average (e. g. V4)
Other inequality factors are more important (Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain)
State of cities and rural regions as compared to the national averages of the countries, 2013 13

14. Post-socialist cities are to join to the 2nd level of European city-network
Studying success of cities: key issue for current European regional trends and regional policy
New European models on Peripheries should adjust the classic urban zone of Blue Banana
Sunbelt or (Golden Banana)
Central European Boomerang
Post-socialist cities: new development wave (similar to Southern Periphery) based chiefly on international investments 14

15. Cities and NUTS2 regions: gerrymandering for development
Budapest, Warsaw
Suburban zone  lower common average
Initially: better position for EU-supports
Later: due to the urban development  no supports
Prague
Suburban zone: target area of EU supports 15

16. BUT: weak position of V4 cities in the European Urban hierarchy
Worse position of V4:
V4 countries: 508 company from the 15 thousand largest company of EU
Air traffic
Relative better position of V4
International meetings (better position) 16

17. The sectorial background of the urban–rural economic development inequalities
dr. László Jeney
associate professor
Economic and Human Geography
bachelor study programmes (BA)
Spring term 2018/2019.
CUB Institue of Economic Geography, Geoeconomy and Sustainable Development

18. V4: success of cities not independent of the shift of their sectoral structure
Increase of urban–rural inequality is mainly tertiary based
Industrial renewal hide in the background of fine differences among rural regions
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Cities 1995–2013.
1.3
1.8
2.6
Rural regions 1995–2013.
1.9
2.1
Growth Indexes of Gross Value Added (GVA) in the Sectors in V4 Countries, 1995–2013. 18

19. Regional and Sectoral Shifts within Industry after Transition (1992–1998): The Case of Hungary

20. Regional Shifts in Hungarian Industry, 1992–1998
Employment:
BUDAPEST (%) 29 22
Industrial output
23 524
33 316 36 24
Industrial export
5 449
16 371
FEJÉR county (%) 7 38 17 20

21. Sectoral Shifts in Hungarian Industry, 1992–1998.
Industries
1992
1998
Employment
Machinery and equipment (%) 21 25
Textile. wearing apparel. leather products (%) 15 17
Food. beverages and tobacco products (%) 18 16
Output 13 36 23
Chemical industry (%) 19
Electricity. gas. steam and water supply (%) 20 12
Export 27 61 8 21

22. Changes in Regional Industrial Specialization in Hungary, 1992–1998
Changes in Regional Industrial Specialization in Hungary, 1992–1998. Hirschman–Herfindahl index
1992
1998
employment
output
export 22 22

23. Regional Differences of the Economic Development Level in Hungary, 1998. (NUTS3)23 23

24. Conclusions
Postsocialist countries: characterized with growing urban–rural dualism
Chiefly the outstanding of capitals
More remarkable in case of underdeveloped, catching-up V4 countries than older members
Not only the urban–rural inequality increases, but its role is more and more appreciated in overall regional inequalities
V4: success of cities not independent of the shift of their sectoral structure
Increase of urban–rural inequality is mainly tertiary based
Industrial renewal hide in the background of fine differences among rural regions 24 24