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Tissue Level of Organization

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Presentation on theme: "Tissue Level of Organization"— Presentation transcript:

1 Tissue Level of Organization
Chapter 4

2 Tissues Groups of cells working together Histology studies
4 primary types

3 Embryonic Germ Layers

4 Cell Junctions

5 Epithelial Tissue Includes epithelia and glands
Functions: protect, control permeability, detect sensation, and produce secretions Characteristics Avascular Polarity w/ apical and basal surfaces Specific cell shapes and layers Regenerative Complex connections

6 Simple _______ Epithelia
Columnar Nuclei elongated lengthwise and close to bottom (1) Globlet cells (2) and cilia (3) Absorption and secretion Digestive tract and uterine tubes Cuboidal Nuclei are darkly stained spheres centrally located (4) Secretion and absorption Glands and kidney tubules Squamous (5) Nuclei are disc shaped For diffusion, absorption, or friction reduction Alveoli in lungs, kidneys, and cardiovascular lining

7 Stratified_______ Epithelia
Squamous Cuboidal/columnar basal layer with living cells Protection from mechanical and chemical stresses Keratinized Tough and water resistant Skin surface Nonkeratinized Resists abrasion, but needs moisture Oral cavity, anus, and vagina Cuboidal Rare Sweat and mammary glands Columnar Rare, describes superficial cells Salivary glands and pancreas

8 Additional Epithelia Pseudostratified columnar Transitional
Nuclei staggered or stratified looking Cilia to move mucus from goblet cells Upper respiratory & male reproductive tracts Transitional Stratified appearance changes w/ stretch Cuboidal when relaxed Squamous when stretched Urinary tract

9 Gladular Epithelia Endocrine release into interstitial fluid (AP II content) Exocrine release into ducts Modes of secretion Merocrine: exocytosis; most common Holocrine: cell destruction; sebaceous glands Apocrine: cytoplasmic loss; mammary glands May be uni- or multicellular

10 Gladular Epithelia

11 Connective Tissue No outside exposure
Functions: framework for body, transportation, protecting, connecting, and energy storage Shared components Specialized cells all derived from mesenchyme cells Matrix Extracellular proteins from cells Ground substance

12

13 CT Cells Fibroblasts/-cytes: synthesize CT fibers of matrix
Adipocytes: stores lipids Immune (blood) cells

14 CT Matrix Extracellular protein fibers
Collagen fibers: tough, resist stretch, collagen protein Reticular fibers: strong, branched, collagen protein Elastic fibers: flexible, stretchy, elastin protein Ground substance fills spaces and varies in water content

15 Loose CT Areolar Adipose Reticular All CT fibers and cell types
Space filler throughout body Edemda with swelling Adipose Primarily adipocytes, little matrix Deep to skin, breasts, and around kidneys Reticular Reticular fibers, macrophages, and wandering cells Liver, lymph nodes, and spleen

16 Dense CT Dense regular Parallel collagen fibers and some elastic
Tendons and ligaments Dense irregular Inconsistent collagen pattern and some elastic Support stressed tissues such as arterial walls

17 Cartilage Avascular matrix w/ chondrocytes in lacunae
Hyaline cartilage Mainly collagen fibers Stiff, flexible support, and prevents friction Costal cartilage, nasal septum, and trachea Elastic cartilage Collagen and elastin fibers Flexibility w/o damage External ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage Rows of collagen Limits movement and prevents bone contact Menisci, pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs Perichondrium surrounds

18 Osseous Tissue Vascularized matrix of ground substance, calcium salts, and collagen Structure Spongy w/ trabeculae Compact w/ osteons Osteocytes in lacunae Lamellae surround central canal Periosteum surrounds

19 Fluid CT Fluid matrix w/ proteins and few fibers Blood Lymph
Plasma w/ proteins Formed elements including erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes, (WBC), and platelets Arteries, capillaries, and veins Lymph Mixed interstitial fluid, matrix, WBC’s Regulates blood volume, monitors infections, transports fats

20 Muscle Tissue Contracts w/ stimuli to cause movement
Vascularized cells Skeletal (voluntary) Long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated Skeletal muscles Cardiac (involuntary) Short, branched, striated, and uninucleated Intercalated discs for communication Heart Smooth (involuntary) Short, spindled, non-striated, and uninucleated Organ walls

21 Nervous Tissue Transmits electrical signals throughout the body
Neurons Cell body (soma) Processes Axon Dendrites Neuroglia 6 varied structures Regulates and controls cell body functions

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