Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byGabriel Moody Modified over 5 years ago
1
AGENDA for 09/06/19 Written Assignment Questions, Paper due next on Friday Current News Finish up with a few topics from Chapter 1 Chapter 2 “The Crime Picture”
2
Current News Female deputy from San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Office
Missing woman from Monrovia, CA Provide examples of two capital murder cases
3
Social Justice An Idea that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong
4
Civil Justice The civil law- What are your “Civil Rights” Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, religion, and disability
5
1948-1955, Civil Rights The Fight began
1948 End to segregation in the Armed Services 1954 the Supreme Court decision, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white male on a public bus
6
, Civil Rights 1963 Approximately 250,000 people take part in March to Washington for jobs and freedom 1964 President LB Johnson signs Civil Rights Act preventing employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin Selma to Montgomery march in protest of black voter suppression 1968 President LB Johnson signs fair housing act
7
Civil Rights cont’d The right to vote, The right to a fair trial,
More on Examples of civil rights included are: The right to vote, The right to a fair trial, The right to government services, The right to a public education, and The right to use public facilities.
8
Criminal Justice Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes. ... Other goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and prisons.
9
Brief History of Crime in America
1992, Rodney King Late 1990s, Crime rates rose, many offenders went unpunished 2001, 911 terrorist attacks (USA Patriot Act) 2012-to present, Epidemic of mass shootings
10
Koon orders the officers to "hit his joints, hit the wrists, hit his elbows, hit his knees, hit his ankles." Officers Wind, Briseno, and Powell attempted numerous baton strikes on King, resulting in some misses but with 33 blows hitting King, plus six kicks.
11
DUE PROCESS Rights guaranteed by the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments Due process (procedural fairness)
12
Due process of law due process of law. The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards.
14
Case laws ? Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 Roe v. Wade, 1973
15
Case Laws cont’d Mapp v. Ohio, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 1961, ruled (6–3) that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures,” is inadmissible in state courts.
16
Case law cont’d Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys Case decided in 1963
17
Case law cont’d In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination Provide possible “Miranda” examples
18
Attorney’s Cite Landmark cases
After a decision is made by either the state supreme court or the Federal Supreme court, attorney’s either for the defendant or the prosecutor can cite cases
19
The Crime Picture
20
Crime Data and Social Policy
“We an have as much or as little crime as we please, depending on what we choose to count as criminal” Herbert Packer How useful are crime statistics? Public opinion about crime is not always realistic
21
The Measurement of Crime
What Americans know about crime is, by and large, based on statistics supplied by government agencies.
22
How useful are crime statistics?
Public opinion about crime is not always realistic
23
The collection of crime data
Nationally, there are two major sources: FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), also known today as National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Page 24
24
UCR History 1930, Congress authorized the U.S. attorney general to survey crime in America Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was designed to implement Earlier efforts by International Association of Chiefs of Police used readily available information FBI’s 1st year, rec’d reports from 400 cities, 43 states, 20 million people
25
(UCR) cont’d Today more than 18,000 city, county, university and college, tribal and state law enforcement agencies (representing 95 percent of the U.S. population) are active in the program.
26
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The UCR includes two major indexes: Offenses known to the police Statistics about persons arrested
27
(UCR) cont’d To ensure uniformity in reporting, FBI developed standardized definitions of offenses and terminologies
28
1000 crimes 500 go unreported unsolved 100 people arrested 30 cased go to trial 29 sentenced 20 adults go to prison/jail
29
Crime Index (Discontinued in 2004)
(UCR) cont’d Original UCR was designed to permit comparisons over time through construction of a: Crime Index (Discontinued in 2004) Summed the occurrences of seven major offenses:
30
Crime Index Cont’d In 1979, an eighth offense was added ARSON Murder
Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny-theft Motor Vehicle Theft In 1979, an eighth offense was added ARSON
31
eight index crimes Murder Forcible rape Robbery Larceny-theft
The Part I offenses in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports. Murder Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson Once again, the Crime Index was discontinued in 2004
32
Crime Index, why discontinued?
The index was intended to be a tool for state to state and year to year comparisons via the use of crime rates Index was misleading and research found that larceny-theft, carried undue weight and led to underappreciation of changes in the rates of more violent and serious c
33
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
An incident based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence, NIBRS data that have traditionally been provided by the FBI’s UCR. 1988, redesigned UCR System
34
UCR vs NIBRS UCR- depended on statistical tabulations of crime data which were often more than frequency counts NIBRS- Gathers details about each criminal incident; Information on place of occurrence, weapon used, type, value of property damaged or stolen, personal characteristics of the offender and the victim, nature of any relationship between the two and disposition of the complaint
35
NIBRS 22 general offenses: Arson, assault, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, embezzlement, extortion, forcible sex offenses, fraud, gambling, homicide, kidnapping, larceny, motor vehicle theft, narcotics offenses, non-forcible sex offenses, pornography, prostitution, receiving stolen property, robbery, vandalism, and weapons violations.
36
Other offenses Bad checks, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drunkenness, non-violent family offenses, liquor-law violations, peeping tom activity, runaways, trespass and a general category of all “other” criminal law violations.
38
National Incident-based Reporting System
FBI began accepting crime date in NIBRS format in January, 1989 Changes continue to be made 1990- Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act- colleges to publish annual security reports
40
Historical Trends National reports generally make use of large units of population, such as 100,000 people 1960, reported rape was 10 per 100,000 2012, 26.9 forcible rapes per 100,000 inhabitants of the United States
41
Historical Trends Three major shifts in crime rates:
1940s, crime decreased, men entered into the military service, World War II 1960s to 1990s, baby boomers (birth rates skyrocketed between s, baby boomers entered crime-prone ages 1991 to 2012, decline
42
Crime declines Various reasons Combat crime, Safe Streets Act 1968, & USA Patriot Act of 2001 Stronger, better-prepared criminal justice agencies Community Policing Strong victim’s movement Get tough on crime, war on drugs Advances in forensic science and enforcement technology
43
Crime on the rise? Random mass shootings Higher rates of murder in some cities
44
Ucr/nibrs in transition
FBI CRIME CLOCK Page 31
45
Seven major crimes Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault
Motor vehicle theft Burglary Larceny-theft
46
Let’s take a look at the #2 largest city in the country
LAPD Crime Mapping
47
UCR/nibrs Violent Crimes (also called personal crimes)
Murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault in California, violent crimes are referred to as “strikable,” two and three strike laws Property Crimes Motor vehicle theft, burglary, arson, and larceny-theft
48
Murder The unlawful killing of a human being. with malice aforethought- premeditation; forethought (with a deliberate intention of causing harm) “Murder is a generic term that in common usage may include first and second degree murder, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar offenses.” (F. Schmalleger, 2016)
49
Freedom or Safety? You decide
Page 32 A dress cod for bank customers
50
murder The killing of another human being under conditions specifically covered in law. In the U.S., special statutory definitions include murder committed with malice aforethought, characterized by deliberation or premeditation or occurring during the commission of another serious crime, as robbery or arson (first-degree murder) and murder by intent but without deliberation or premeditation (second-degree murder)
51
The homicide cop There is no hunting like the hunting of man, and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never care for anything else thereafter. Ernest Hemingway
52
FBI Crime in the United States
53
Rape Rape- The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, oral penetration by a sex organ of another person Forcible rape, the carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and against their will. (carnal-pertaining to or characterized by the flesh or the body, its passions and appetites; sensual) Sexual Battery- The intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, without his/her consent that entails a sexual component or purpose
54
Date Rape The unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a person, without his or her consent, that occurs within the context of a dating relationship. Date rape, or acquaintance rape, is a subcategory of rape that is of special concern today
55
Robbery The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
56
Aggravated assault Assault- an unlawful attack by one person upon another (usually a misdemeanor) Aggravated assault- the unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another (usually a weapon or victim requires medical assistance)
57
Burglary The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
UCR/NIBRS- three classifications of burglary Forcible entry Unlawful entry where no force is used, and Attempted forcible entry (In 2012, 60.5% were forced entries)
58
Larceny-Theft The unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another (vehicles are excluded) Larceny is another name for theft, theft from Motor vehicle, shoplifing, thefts from buildings, thefts from motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, thefts from coin-operated machines, purse snatching, and pickpocketing Larceny theft is the most frequently reported major crime, according to the UCR/NIBRS. It may also be the program’s most underreported crime category
59
Identity theft A crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information to obtain credit, merchandise and services
60
NCVS An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extend of criminal victimization especially unreported victimization in the United States Dark figure of crime- Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains unknown to officials Page 42 & 43
61
Special categories of crime
Stalking Cyberstalking Crime against the elderly Hate Crime Corporate and White-Collar Crime Organized Crime Gun Crime (the use of a gun during the commission of a crime) Drug Crime High Technology and Computer Crime
62
Terrorism
63
Review UCR/NIBRS- Statistical reporting program run by the FBI
NCVS- An annual survey of selected American households, conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics
64
Questions??
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.