1. Undetectable Error in Independent Dual Programming Validation
Long Zheng
Data Science Institute, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited in Boston, Massachusetts

2. Types of Errors Undetectable Error: Detectable Error:
If two programmers make the same mistake in a unit process
Detectable Error:
If only one programmer makes a mistake in a unit process
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3. Distribution of Undetectable Error
Number of Undetectable errors follows the Poisson distribution with error rate
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4. Distribution of Undetectable Error (4)
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5. Distribution of Detectable Error
Number of detectable errors follows the Poisson distribution with error rate
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6. Using Detectable Errors to Estimate Undetectable Errors
If mean of detectable error number is in validation, and , then where
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7. Estimating Reliability of Results from Outsourcing
Estimate total number of errors from outsourcing …
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8. Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Michael Hale, John Anthony and Xiao Li for their valuable feedback and support.
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