1. Civil Rights
USH-8.1

2. I. Why now? Happened after WWII b/c: Desegregation of the military
Northern AA experience Jim Crow while training in South
Truman starts civil rights commission to prevent lynching and desegregate military
Seeing the Final Solution brought our own beliefs and practices into question

3. II. Brown vs. Board of Education
Collection of 5 cases about segregation
Trying to change “separate but equal”
Plessey v Ferguson
Gets to the Supreme Court Unanimous decision says “separate CANNOT be equal”
Desegregation needs to happen “with all due speed”
Most in South go as slow as possible

4. III. Little Rock Nine
Nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957
Initially prevented from entering the segregated school by the Governor
Attended after President Eisenhower used federal troops to protect them

5. IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks won’t get up
AA boycott bus system and set up “Uber” system
Non-violent boycott of over a year is lead by Martin Luther King, Jr.
Bus system loses so much money they change the rules

6. V. Sit-ins People nonviolently occupying an area for a protest
AA went into lunch counters and other whites-only places and sat down
No destruction or violence, just sitting
Their punishment showed the world Jim Crow was stupid

7. VI. Freedom Rides Activists rode buses into the South
They were black and white
Most places in the South had not followed any of the desegregation laws
In many places they were mobbed and the activists beaten and imprisoned

8. VII. March on Washington
In 1963, a huge rally was held in Washington, D.C.
It was for AA to ask “for Jobs and Freedom”
Helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech

9. VIII. Freedom Summer
In 1964, a campaign was started to register as many AA voters as possible in Mississippi
Dozens of Freedom Schools, Houses, and community centers to help AA
Met with lots of violence
4 workers and 3 AA killed
80 beaten
1,062 arrested
37 churches burned
30 black homes & businesses burned

10. IX. Selma Marches Protest marches from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery
Protesting the death of a black boy by the police
Starts w/ “Bloody Sunday”
Protest where 600 marchers were attacked by cops with clubs & tear gas
2 days later, 2,500 protesters tried again and forced to turn around
7 days later, completed march w/federal protection
Army, National Guard, FBI, Federal Marshals

11. X. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Meant to outlaw major forms of discrimination against all minorities
Racial
Ethnic
National
Religious
disabilities
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson
Was weak at first, but other laws helped to enforce it

12. XI. Voting Rights Act of 1965
Legislation to help enforce the 15th Amendment
Attempts to end voting restrictions for AA
Signed into law by President Johnson

13. XII. Black Power
Black Power Movement was aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent
racial pride
creation of black political and cultural institutions
defense against racial oppression
establishment of social institutions

14. XII. Black Power Malcolm X Joined the Nation of Islam in prison
Became very prominent
Very militant and violent
Broke away b/c they couldn’t accomplish all he wanted
Was assassinated by Nation of Islam members in 1965

15. XIII. Women’s Rights Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
Book opened the second wave of feminism
Showed how unhappy many American women were
National Organization for Women (NOW)
To promote rights for and help women
Grew out of the Civil Rights Movement

16. XIII. Women’s Rights Equal Rights Amendment Roe v Wade (1973)
Guaranteed equal rights for women
Passed Congress, but not the states
Roe v Wade (1973)
A state could not make abortion illegal

17. XIII. Other Rights Chicano Movement
To give social, educational, and economic equality to Hispanic-Americans
restoration of land grants
farm workers' rights
enhanced education
voting and political rights,
awareness of collective history

18. XIII. Other Rights Occupation of Alcatraz
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) said all out-of-use federal land was returned to the Native people
Alcatraz had been closed in 1963 and been declared surplus federal property in 1964
89 American Indians occupied for nineteen months
US gov’t had to force them out
Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968 guaranteed Native Americans many civil rights
Most were a repeat of the Bill of Rights