1. Chapter 6 Deviance and Crime
Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, Kendall, 11e
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2. Chapter Outline What is Deviance?
Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance
Conflict Perspectives on Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance
Postmodernist Perspectives on Deviance
Crime Classifications and Statistics
The Criminal Justice System
U.S. Deviance and Crime in the Future
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3. Do you consider this man deviant?
Consider This… Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1
Do you consider this man deviant?
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4. What is Deviance? (2)
A crime is a behavior that violation criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.
Juvenile delinquency refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people.
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5. What is Deviance? (3)
Social control refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.
Criminology is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.
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6. Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance (1)
According to Durkheim, deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people.
Deviance serves three functions:
Deviance clarifies rules
Deviances unite a group
Deviance promotes social change
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7. Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance (2)
Merton’s strain theory argues that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
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8. Table 6.1 Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance
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9. Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance (3)
According to Cloward and Ohlin, illegitimate opportunity structures are circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.
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10. Conflict Perspectives on Deviance (1)
Those in power define what is deviant and what is not.
The criminal justice system focuses on certain groups (such as young, single urban males).
Deviance and crime are a function of the capitalist economic system.
The criminal justice system protects those in power.
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11. Conflict Perspectives on Deviance (2)
Feminist scholars say that theories of deviance used to explain male behavior cannot be used to explain female behavior.
Liberal feminist approach; is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.
Radical feminist approach ; calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts.
Marxist (socialist) feminist approach; focused on investigating and explaining the ways in which women are oppressed through systems of capitalism and private property
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12. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance (1)
Differential association theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
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13. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance (2)
The rational choice theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.
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14. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance (3)
Social bond theory holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
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15. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance (4)
Labeling theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
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16. Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance (5)
Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.
Secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.
Tertiary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.
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17. Figure 6.8 A Closer Look at Labeling Theory
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18. Postmodern Perspectives on Deviance
Postmodernists emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert control over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.
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19. Concept Quick Review
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20. Crime Classifications and Statistics (1)
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Figure Distribution of Arrests by Type of Offense, 2014
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21. Crime Classifications and Statistics (2)
Violent crime consists of actions – murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault – involving force or the threat of force against others.
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22. Crime Classifications and Statistics (3)
Property crime includes burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson.
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23. Crime Classifications and Statistics (4)
Victimless crimes are those that involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.
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24. Crime Classifications and Statistics (5)
Occupational (white collar) crimes are illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.
Corporate crimes are illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.
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25. Consider This… Figure 6.11 Figure 6.11 The FBI Crime Clock
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26. Crime Classifications and Statistics (6)
Internet crimes consist of FBI-related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.
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27. Figure 6.13 Top Reported Internet Crime Types
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28. Crime Classifications and Statistics (7)
Organized crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.
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29. Crime Classifications and Statistics (8)
Political crimes refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.
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30. Crime Classifications and Statistics (9)
National Crime Victimization Survey
Surveys a nationally representative samples of households about victimization experiencers
Asks about nonfatal crimes, reported and not reported to the police
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31. Crime Classifications and Statistics (10)
Terrorism is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
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32. Figure 6.18 Arrest Rates by Gender, 2014
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33. Figure 6.19 Arrest Rates by Race, 2014
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34. The Criminal Justice System (1)
The criminal justice system refers to the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals.
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35. The Criminal Justice System (2)
Punishment is an action designed to deprive a person of things of value because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.
Retribution
General deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
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36. Figure 6.24 Death Row Census, January 1, 2016
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37. U.S. Deviance and Crime in the Future
Is the solution to our “crime problem” more law and order?
Is equal justice under the law possible?
Is more-stringent gun control the way to reduce violent crime in the United States?
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