1. AMAN ULLAH ROLL NO O1 PRESENTATION TOPIC TIGHT RESERVIOR AND HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

2. TIGHT RESERVOIR Tight reservoir are generally define as a reservoir having less than 0.1 milli Darcy (mD) matrix permeability and less than ten percent matrix porosity.  Production rates from tight reservoirs are marginal, but these reservoir account for a large percentage of the long term supply of oil and gas.

3. TYPES OF TIGHT RESERVIOUR TIGHT GAS RESERVIOUR Tight gas is a natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability that massive hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce well at economic rates. Tight gas is considered as unconventional source of natural gas.

5. TIGHT CAS POTENIAL IN Pakistan.. following are five possible candidates for Tight gas resource in Pakistan. 1) lower guru tight sands 2) sembar sands and siltstones 3) sui upper limestone 4) habib rahi limestone 5) pirkoh limestone

7. TIGHT OIL RESERVIOUR tight oil is the oil that is found within the reservoir within very low permeability And the reservoir in which tight oil is present is called tight oil reservoir.

8. DIFFERENCE B/W TIGHT GAS AND SHALE GAS  The tight gas is dispersed within low porosity silt and sand areas.  In the U.S tight gas is defined as having less than 10 per cent porosity and less than 0.1 millI darcy permeability.  Shale gas is a description of natural gas locked inside tiny pockets within layered sedimentary rocks, such as shales.

9. Both these forms of natural gas are extracted in a similar manner, because of the low permeability of the rock, hydraulic fracturing is applied. This increases the permeability because you induce fractures where the gas can flow. Still, even though the permeability of the rocks increases, the porosity remains the same. Because of the low permeability, new technology and knowledge is needed to extract the gas in an efficient way.

10. HYDRALUIC FRACTURING

11. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.  this process involves the high pressure injection of franking fluid into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum can easily move.

12. Hydraulic Fracturing Processes Drill the well o Some only vertical o Some have horizontal lateral  Case and Cement possible hazard areas o Pressure zones o Ground Water Areas  Perforate casing and cementing with Perforating Gun Begins fracture process in rock formation

13. Pump fracturing fluid down hole High pressured fluid extend fractures  Production  CASING AND CEMENTING

14. 1.Casing and cementing a wellbore is used to: o Protect groundwater from contamination o Keep integrity of well-bore 2.Casing is steel pipe that is designed to handle: o over- or under-pressured zones and o high tensile stresses down hole 3.Casing is cemented in place to safely deliver hydrocarbons to the surface

16. Perforating the Formation Perforated using a “perf gun” o Perforating guns use explosive charges to fracture:  Casing  Cementing  Formation

18. Fracturing Fluid…  98-99.5% Water and Sand  The other 0.5-2%: o Additives that enhance fracturing o Many additives are used to protect casing, cementing, and well integrity  3-7 million gallons of fluid used in typical horizontal well

19. Chemical Additives Common Additives include: o Acids, Biocides, Gelling Agents, pH Adjusting Agents, Corrosion Inhibitors, Iron Control, Clay Stabilizer, Acid Inhibitor o Other additives could be used depending on well characteristics