1. Motor Fluctuations in PD

3. Motor Fluctuations of PD Symptoms Levodopa

4. Prevalence of Treatment Complications

5. Case 1: 57-Year-Old Man History

6. Case 1: 57-Year-Old Man History (cont)

7. Classification of Levodopa-Related Motor Fluctuations in PD

8. Risk Factors for Motor Fluctuation

9. Levodopa: Mechanisms That Contribute to Motor Fluctuation

10. Levodopa: Mechanisms That Contribute to Motor Fluctuation (cont)

11. Strategies for Patients Experiencing OFF Periods

12. Options for Case Patient 1 FDA-Approved Adjunctive Therapies

13. Surgical Options

14. Effective Patient Management

15. Case 1: Concluding Remarks

16. Case 2: 77-Year-Old Man

17. Case 2: 77-Year-Old Man (cont)

18. Components of a Thorough Assessment

19. Progression of PD Introduction of LID

20. Classifications of LID Time of Symptom Onset

21. When to Switch Therapy?

22. Patient and Caregiver Considerations

23. Pathogenesis of LID Pre- and Post-Synaptic Mechanisms

24. Case 2: Revisited

25. Case 2: Revisited (cont)

26. Orthostatic Hypotension

27. Concluding Remarks

28. Abbreviations