1. Industrialization
Chapter 9

2. The Rise of Industry The US Industrializes Natural Resources
Large Workforce
Immigrants
China & Eastern Europe
Large Families
Free Enterprise
Government’s Role in Industry
Taxing & Spending Low
Govt. land given/sold undervalue to railroads
Tariffs-Morrill
New Inventions

3. The Railroads Linking the Nation Railroads Spur Growth Land Grants
Lincoln
Pacific Railway Act
Union Pacific
Central Pacific
Joined near Ogden, UT
Railroads Spur Growth
Linking other lines
Benefits of a national system
Time zones
United the people
Land Grants
Robber Barons
Jay Gould
The Crédit Mobilier Scandal-Union Pacific
The Great Northern
James J. Hill-NOT A BARON
Well planned and operated
Only railroad not later bankrupted
Map pg 317

4. Big Business The Rise of Big Business Corporations Economies of Scale
Small business
High operating costs
Low fixed costs
Big business
Low operating costs
High fixed costs
Corporation group activity

5. Big Business The consolidation of industry
Pools-agreements to maintain prices
Corporate leaders did not like competition
Not long lasting
Andrew Carnegie & steel
Adopted the Bessemer process
Steel company in Pittsburg in 1875
Vertical & Horizontal Integration-Carnegie (pg 320)
Trusts-to get around laws
Holding Companies

6. Big Business Selling the Product Advertising Department Stores
Chain Stores
Woolworth’s
Mail order
Montogomery Ward
Sears, Roebuck

7. Unions Better working conditions & higher wages Early Unions
(teacher’s edition pg 329 “You don’t say”)
Early Unions
Trade Unions
Craft workers
Industrial unions
Industry opposes it
Signed oaths
Undercover detectives
Blacklist
Lockouts

8. Unions Political & Social Opposition
No laws giving the right to unionize
Seen as threat to American society
Marxism
Anarchism
Nativism-scared of immigrants

9. The Struggle to Organize
Quote on pp
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Panic of 1873
Wages were cut
1877
Threat to cut wages again
1st nationwide labor protest
Blocked lines
Damaged equipment
Bloodshed

10. The Struggle to Organize
Knights of Labor
1st nationwide industrial union
Called for:
8 hour work day
A government bureau of labor statistics
Equal pay for women
Abolition of child labor
Creation of worker-owned factories
Initially-boycotts, later-strikes
Arbitration
grew from 100,000 members to 700,000

11. The Struggle to Organize
Haymarket Riot
May 1, 1886, nationwide strike to support the idea of an 8 hour workday
Chicago
Bomb, shooting
8 arrested
7 were German immigrants and anarchists
1 of these was a member of the Knights of Labor
Badly hurt the Knights’ reputation

12. The Struggle to Organize
The Pullman Strike
Pullman Co. based in Illinois
Employees had to live in town and buy goods from the company store
1893 Depression
Pullman Co. cut wages
Hard for workers to pay their rent
Hard to pay high prices at the company store
Pullman Co. fired 3 workers who complained
The American Railway Union stopped handling Pullman cars
Railroad managers tied mail cars to Pullman cars
President Grover Cleveland sent in troops
Federal court issued an injunction to order the union to halt the boycott
The strike and the ARU collapsed

13. The American Federation of Labor
Trade Unions continued to prosper
AFL
Samuel Gompers
American system
Preferred to negotiate, but would use strike
Three goals
Cos. Recognize unions and agree to collective bargaining
Closed shops
8 hour workday
By 1900, biggest union, but still only represented 15% of all non-farm workers

14. Working Women 1/3 women worked as domestic servants
1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, & secretaries
1/3 light industry
Garment
Food production
Paid less than men
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
8 hour day
Minimum wage
An end to evening work for women
Abolition of child labor

15. Learning Activities Chapter 9 Terms and definitions
Tarvol2.glencoe.com
Pair up
Go through the terms and definitions once, reading them together
Next time through, each one writes the answer on a sheet of paper without the other seeing
When you have gone through all the definitions, check your answers
The one with the most right answers wins
Play the business owner/worker game