1. Reported Statements

2. Real Speech
Reported Speech
‘My family comes from the Bronx.’
Present Simple
Sandra said that her family came from the Bronx.
Past Simple
‘We’ve had some difficult cases.’
Present Perfect
She said they had had some difficult cases.
Past Perfect
‘We’re working on a big case’.
Present Continuous
She said they were working on a big one.
Past Continuous
‘I didn’t want to she had joined sit there and do nothing, so I joined the NYPD.’
She said she hadn’t wanted to sit there and do nothing, so she had joined the NYPD.
‘We were looking for a suspect.’
She said that they had been looking for a suspect.
Past Perfect Continuous
‘I’m going to stop doing it after I get married.’
am/is/are going to
She said she was going to stop doing it after she got married.
was/ were going to
‘I won’t feel the same about taking risks.’
Future Simple
She said she wouldn’t feel the same about taking risks.
Future-in-the Past

3. Tense Shift Present Simple - Past Simple
Present Perfect - Past Perfect
Present Continuous - Past Continuous
Past Simple - Past Perfect
Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
am/is/are going to - was/ were going to
Future Simple - Future-in-the Past

4. Time and place expressions
here
now
last year
last month
yesterday
today
next year
there
then
the year before, the previous year
the month before, the previous month
the day before
that day
the following year

5. said He said (that) … He said to me (that)…
Say and tell
said He said (that) … He said to me (that)…
told He told me that…

6. Other reporting verbs decided thought added explained
answered, replied
announced, claimed
complained
denied, refused
promised
admitted