1. Chapter 13 & 14 Software Testing Strategies and Techniques 1 Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6th edition by Roger S. Pressman

2. Software Testing 2 Testing is the process of exercising a program with the specific intent of finding errors prior to delivery to the end user.

3. What Testing Shows 3 errors requirements conformance performance an indication of quality

4. Who Tests the Software? 4 developer independent tester Understands the system but, will test "gently" and, is driven by "delivery" Must learn about the system, but, will attempt to break it and, is driven by quality

5. Validation vs Verification Verification – Are we building the product right? – Is the code correct with respect to its specification? Validation – Are we building the right product? – Does the specification reflect what it should? 5

6. Testing Strategy 6 unit test integrationtest validationtest systemtest

7. Testing Strategy Begin with unit testing and work your way up to system testing. 1) Unit testing – test individual components (modules in procedural languages; classes in OO languages). 2) Integration testing – test collections of components that must work together. 3) Validation testing – test the application as a whole against user requirements. 4) System testing – test the application in the context of an entire system. 7

8. 1) Unit Testing 8 module to be tested test cases results softwareengineer

9. Unit Testing 9 interface local data structures boundary conditions independent paths error handling paths module to be tested test cases

10. Unit Test Environment 10 Module stub stub driver RESULTS interface local data structures boundary conditions independent paths error handling paths test cases

11. 2) Integration Testing Strategies 11 Options: the “big bang” approach an incremental construction strategy

12. Top Down Integration 12 top module is tested with stubs stubs are replaced one at a time, "depth first" as new modules are integrated, some subset of tests is re-run A B C DE FG

13. Bottom-Up Integration 13 drivers are replaced one at a time, "depth first" worker modules are grouped into builds and integrated A B C DE FG cluster

14. Regression Testing The selective retesting of a modified system to help ensure that no bugs have been introduced during modification. – Fixing one part of the code can break another 14

15. High Order Testing 1) Validation testing – Focus is on software requirements. 2) System testing – Focus is on system integration. 3) Alpha/Beta testing – Focus is on customer usage. 15

16. 16 4) Recovery testing forces the software to fail in a variety of ways and verifies that recovery is properly performed. 5) Security testing verifies that protection mechanisms built into a system will, in fact, protect it from improper penetration. 6) Stress testing executes a system in a manner that demands resources in abnormal quantity, frequency, or volume. 7) Performance Testing test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated system.

17. What is a “ Good ” Test? A good test is one that has a high probability of finding an error. 17

18. Test Case Design 18 "Bugs lurk in corners and congregate at boundaries..." Boris Beizer OBJECTIVE CRITERIA CONSTRAINT to uncover errors in a complete manner with a minimum of effort and time

19. Exhaustive Testing 19 loop < 20 X There are 10 possible paths! If we execute one test per millisecond, it would take 3,170 years to test this program!! 14

20. Selective Testing 20 loop < 20 X Selected path

21. Software Testing 21 Methods Strategies white-box methods black-box methods

22. White-Box Testing 22... our goal is to ensure that all statements and conditions have been executed at least once...

23. Why Cover? 23 logic errors and incorrect assumptions are inversely proportional to a path's execution probability we oftenbelieve that a path is not likely to be executed; in fact, reality is often counter intuitive typographical errors are random; it's likely that untested paths will contain some

24. Basis Path Testing 24 First, we compute the cyclomatic complexity: number of simple decisions + 1 or number of enclosed areas + 1 In this case, V(G) = 4

25. Cyclomatic Complexity 25 A number of industry studies have indicated that the higher V(G), the higher the probability or errors. V(G) modules modules in this range are more error prone

26. Basis Path Testing 26 Next, we derive the independent paths: Since V(G) = 4, there are four paths Path 1: 1,2,3,6,7,8 Path 2: 1,2,3,5,7,8 Path 3: 1,2,4,7a,8 Path 4: 1,2,4,7,2,4,...7,8 Finally, we derive test cases to exercise these paths. 1 2 3 4 56 7 8

27. Basis Path Testing Notes 27 you don't need a flow chart, but the picture will help when you trace program paths count each simple logical test, compound tests count as 2 or more basis path testing should be applied to critical modules

28. Black-Box Testing 28 requirements events input output

29. Equivalence Partitioning 29 userqueries mousepicks outputformats prompts FKinput data

30. Sample Equivalence Classes 30 user supplied commands responses to system prompts file names computational data physical parameters bounding values initiation values output data formatting responses to error messages graphical data (e.g., mouse picks) data outside bounds of the program physically impossible data proper value supplied in wrong place Valid data Invalid data

31. Boundary Value Analysis 31 user queries mouse picks output formats prompts FK input data output domain input domain

32. OOT Methods: Behavior Testing 32 The tests to be designed should achieve all state coverage [KIR94]. That is, the operation sequences should cause the Account class to make transition through all allowable states