1. EU-Project: Trade and Private Sector Development (TPSD)
Standards Landscape
Achim Seiler, Trade Consultant and Capacity Building Specialist, Kathmandu
EU-Project: Trade and Private Sector Development (TPSD)
TPSD is implemented by
in cooperation with
and

2. Coverage TBT
Measures necessary to ensure the quality of exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life and health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels considered appropriate (…) necessary for the protection of essential security interests (preamble)

3. Coverage SPS
Measures to protect human, animal or plant life or health, subject to the requirement that these measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between Members where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade (preamble)

4. Interface between SPS and TBT
TBT: The provisions of the Agreement do not apply to sanitary and phytosanitary measures as defined in Annex A of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (Art. 1.5)
SPS: Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the rights of Members under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade with respect to measures not within the scope of the Agreement (Art. 1.4)

5. SPS-Measures Protection of: Against risks arising from:
Diseases carried by animals, plants or their products
Additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs
Diseases, disease-carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms
Entry, establishment or spread of pests
Human Life
or Health
Animal Life
Plant Life
Member’s Territory

6. Against risks arising from:
Protection of:
Against risks arising from:
Diseases carried by animals, plants or their products
Additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs
Diseases, disease-carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms
Entry, establishment or spread of pests
Human Life
or Health
Animal Life
Plant Life
Member’s Territory

7. Against risks arising from:
Protection of:
Against risks arising from:
Diseases carried by animals, plants or their products
Additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs
Diseases, disease-carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms
Entry, establishment or spread of pests
Human Life
or Health
Animal Life
Plant Life
Member’s Territory

8. SPS and/or TBT
Source: Codex

9. Commonalities Harmonization
Establishment, recognition and application of common measures by different Members
Equivalence
Acceptance of another country’s procedures as equivalent whenever the same level of protection is achieved
Transparency
Designation of a national notification point, establishing one or more enquiry points
Technical Assistance
Assistance to Developing Country Members to enable their compliance with the stipulations of the SPS and TBT agreements.
S+D
Longer transitional period, DCs not expected to use int. standards as a basis for their technical regulations or standards, incl. testing methods (TBT)
Dispute Settlement
Unified WTO dispute settlement procedure (additional options under SPS)

10. Main (Formal) Difference
Mandatory or voluntary
voluntary
VC Operators
mandatory
‚SHALL‘
‚SHALL‘
Regulators/
Legislators
SPS
TBT

11. Private, commercial Standards
(EU-TPSD)
Private, commercial Standards
Mandatory Standards
SPS/TBT, CAC, OIE, IPPC

12. Standards and Regulations from the Perspective of VC Operators
Private voluntary standards
Regional requirements
National requirements: standards or regulations
SPS
TBT
CAC
OIE
IPPC
FPs, PBRs
TPSD
RoO, IPR

13. Conceptual issues I Standard Regulation Technical Regulation Measure
Mandatory
Voluntary
Horizontal
Vertical
Testing
Inspection
Certification
Registration

14. Conceptual issues II Conformity Assessment Accreditation Calibration
Metrology
Assessment
Auditing
Guides
Recommendations
Due diligence
Food supply chain operators
Food supply chain supporters
Food supply chain enablers

15. Conceptual issues III Good agricultural practice Good hygiene practice
Good manufacturing practice
Good distribution practice
Good laboratory practice
Preparatory programs
Risk assessment
Risk management
Risk communication
Proficiency testing
Certification mark

16. Conceptual issues IV Certificate of origin Geographical indication
First, second, third party
Label
Norm
NTM
NTB
Notification point
Enquiry point
Competent authority
REC
MRA,
MLA

17. How to categorize standards and regulations
Horizontal versus vertical
Mandatory versus voluntary
Public versus private
Individual versus collective
National versus international
B-to-B versus B-to-C
Result orientation versus means orientation
Product versus process attributes
Standard setters versus standard takers
Reactive versus proactive
Regulating versus self-regulating

18. Public mandatory versus private commercial requirements
Mandatory requirements
Commercial requirements
Fresh apples should be…
…free of pesticide residues, pests and diseases that might establish themselves in the importing country.
…of a specific variety, colour, size, flavour, sweetness, freshness, organically or conventionally grown, free of blemishes, washed, waxed, etc.

19. Standard-Setting Levels
Private
Voluntary
GlobalGAP, BRC, QS, SQF, etc.
Multilateral
CAC, OIE, IPPC, ISO
supranational
Mandatory and/or voluntary EU
Regional
SAARC
National
NBSM, DFTQC

20. Food Supply Chain …to Fork From Farm….. Consumers
Agricultural Production
Sale of Commodities, raw materials, etc.
Manufacturing, packaging etc.
Sale of food products,
im- and export

21. Food Supply Chain II Consumers Authority Operators Service Providers
Competent Authorities
(regulations and controls)
Growers
Producers of fertilisers, soil amendments, biocides, pesticides
Producers of additives and processing aids
Equipment manufacturers
Service providers
Trainers, Experts
Laboratories
Animal feed producers
Transport operators, local buyers…
Processors
Exporters/Importers
Wholesalers/Distributors
Retailers, Restaurants
Consumers
Source: ColeACP/EDES

22. Private Voluntary Standards: Vertical and Horizontal
jjnnn
Consumtion
Horizontal Standards
Retail Trade
Good Practice Models
GHP, HACCP
Vertical Standards
ISO family
ISO 9000 family
ISO family
QF, SQF
GRP
Trade and Logistics
BRC IOP, COCERAL, FPA-Safe, IFS Logistics
GDP
Processing and Packaging
BRC Food, BRC Packaging, Dutch HACCP, FPA Safe, IFS, Label Rouge
GMP
Production
EuropGAP & approved schemes
AMAGAP, ChileGAP, Mais Doux, etc.n
GAP
Input Suppliers
GMP
EuropGAP
Propagation Material Standard, Feed Manufacturer Standard
Source: Guenther

23. Food Safety Management Systems How is HACCP implemented?
Assemble HACCP team (Pre-Step 1)
Describe the product (Pre-Step 2)
Identify intended use (Pre-Step 3)
Construct the flow diagram Pre-Step 4)
On-site confirmation of flow diagram (Pre-Step 5)
List all potential hazards associated with each step, conduct a hazard analysis, and consider any measure to control hazards (Codex: Principle 1)
Determine critical control points (CCP) (Principle 2)
Establish critical limits for each CCP (Principle 3)
Establish a monitoring system for each CCP (Prcpl.4)
Establish corrective actions (Principle 5)
Establish verification procedures (Principle 6)
Establish documentation and record keeping (Prcpl.7)

24. Integration of HACCP into ISO 22 000
Plus
interactive communication, system management
Plus prerequisite programs
GAP, GMP etc.
GAP, GMP etc.
Plus Principles
Pre-Steps
Pre-Steps
Pre-Steps
Pre-Steps
HACCP
ISO

25. Common Features across all ISO Management Standards
For all concerned, including the management
representative, defining responsibilities and
designating authorities
Resource management
Control of documents
Control of records
Internal audit
Corrective action
Preventive action
Continual improvement of the system
Periodic review of the system by top
management

26. Quality Infrastructure
Market/ Client/ Consumer
Product quality recognized through certification
Value Chain:
Regional and International System
SAARC, CAC, OIE, IPPC, ISO, IAF, ILAC, etc
Certification Bodies
Product
Certificate
Standards,
Testing
Analysis
Research
Inspections
Calibrations
Reference
Materials
Accreditation Bodies
Inspection Bodies
Standardisation Bodies
Testing Bodies
Metrology Bodies
Calibration Bodies
Political, legal, regulatory framework
Source: PTB

27. Conformity Assessment Hierarchy
Accreditation Body
ISO/IEC 17011
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
ISO/IEC 17025
Inspection Bodies
ISO/IEC 17020
Certification Bodies
ISO/IEC Guide 65
ISO/IEC etc.
Clients
Various product and technical requirements
Clients
Various product and regulatory requirements
Clients
ISO 9001
ISO etc.
Source: Gilmour

28. First, Second and Third Party
Second Party
First Party
Third Party

29. First, Second and Third Party
Second Party
Third Party
First Party

30. First, Second and Third Party
Second Party
First Party
Third Party

31. First, Second and Third Party
Second Party
Tested once, inspected once, certified once, accepted everywhere
First Party
Third Party

32. Does accreditation automatically lead to the recognition of test reports and certification?
A regulatory body or commercial buyer may:
Accept any test report
Accept a test report from a laboratory that has
established a good reputation with a particular
regulatory authority or customer
Accept a test report from a laboratory accredited by the
national accreditation body in the importing market,
provided the test report is endorsed by that
accreditation body
Accept a test report from a laboratory accredited by one of
the mutual recognition partners where mutual recognition
arrangements exist between accreditation bodies
Accept test reports only from the laboratory operated by
the relevant regulatory authority
Source: ITC/PTB

33. Thank You