1. Chapter 10, Sections 4,5.

2. The creole elites* soon began to use ideas from the American Revolution to denounce the rule of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs and their peninsulares.
*A person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently.

3. Miguel Hidalgo roused the local Native Americans and mestizos, people of mixed European and Native American descent, to free themselves from the Spanish.
His forces were soon crushed, and a military court later sentenced Hidalgo to death.

4. In 1821 Mexico declared its independence from Spain
In 1821 Mexico declared its independence from Spain. Augustin Iturbide named himself emperor in 1822 but was deposed in Mexico then became a republic.

5. Simon Bolivar: Known as “The Liberator”
Simon Bolivar: Known as “The Liberator”. Bolívar began the struggle for Venezuelan independence in 1810.
He also led revolts in New Granada (Colombia) and Ecuador. By 1819, these countries had formed Gran Colombia.

6. Members of the Concert of Europe favored using troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America. The British and the US wanted to stop this.
The Monroe Doctrine declared that the Americas were off limits for any colonization efforts, and strongly warned against any European intervention in the Americas.

7. The Romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.
Romantics valued individualism, or the belief in the uniqueness of each person.

8. With the Industrial Revolution, however, came a heightened interest in scientific research. By the 1830s, new discoveries in science had led to benefits that affected all Europeans.

9. The nineteenth century was an age of increasing secularization: indifference to or rejection of religion in the affairs of the world.
Charles Darwin, with his theory of natural selection, promoted the idea that humans are material beings who are part of the natural world.

10. The belief that the world should be viewed realistically was closely related to the scientific outlook of the time.
Realist artists and authors sought to show the everyday life of ordinary people, the world of nature, and social issues of the day.