1. Agenda FOR August 28, 2019 Review/Continue with Chapter One
Current drug News
Review/Continue with Chapter One
Questions regarding newspaper or written assignment

2. Opioid crisis in America
Drugs NEWS
Opioid crisis in America
In 2017, the most recent year for which data is available, opioid overdoses killed more than forty-seven thousand people
The United States is grappling with one of its worst-ever drug crises. More than nine hundred people a week die from opioid-related overdoses

3. Opioids
Opioids, a class of drugs derived from the opium poppy plant, can be divided into two broad categories: legally manufactured medications and illicit narcotics. Opioid medications, including oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine, are commonly prescribed to treat pain, while methadone is primarily used in addiction treatment centers to reduce patients’ dependence on opioids.

4. Drugs News Cont’d

5. Drug News cont’d Source:
epidemic?gclid=CjwKCAjwzJjrBRBvEiwA867bytwJKFXzWTkxskS6VXmlX7gkEa6ZaNow7G30tDTGaUO6WzIgjHgSZxoC_X0QAvD_BwE
An Oklahoma judge found Johnson & Johnson guilty in fueling the state's opioid crises and ordered the corporation to pay $572 million in a landmark ruling with vast implications. 

6. Illegal Street Drugs Some Examples
Stimulants, cocaine, meth,
Depressants, alcohol, barbiturates
Hallucinogens, Magic Mushrooms, LSD, PCP, Marijuana
Narcotics, opiates, Heroin, Codeine, Fentanyl, OxyContin and Vicodin
Some legal drugs
Alcohol
Tobacco
Marijuana (State level only) still against the law federally

7. What is a Drug? What the class said
Any substance that modifies (by enhancing, inhibiting, or distorting) mind and/or body functioning
What the class said

8. Some class results of what a drug is
Stimulates some part of the body to satisfy a need Addictive thing that alters your actions Substance to make the human body feel comfortable Can benefit or harm your body Alters your perception/mind Change your behavior Take to feel rewarded Interacts with the body and affects their senses Addicting substance that you can’t get rid of without help

9. Some class results of what a drug is cont’d
Take pain away-legal or illegal Helps to escape reality, feel relaxed or free Life changing effects Something to heal you Help them in some way Some indicated the various types of drugs and how they are administered into the body

10. Dimensions of Drug Use
Drug users are found in all occupations and professions, at all income and social class levels, and in all age groups.
No one is immune to drug use, which often leads to drug dependence. Thus, drug use is an equal-opportunity affliction.

11. Insiders/Outsiders
Insiders- People on the inside, those who approve of and/or use drugs
Outsiders- People on the outside, those who do not approve of and/or use drugs

12. Four Principle Factors That Affect Drug Use
Pharmacological Factors: How does a drug affect the body? How do drug ingredients interact with the body and the nervous system?
Cultural Factors: How do societal views, determined by custom and tradition, affect our initial approach to drug use?
Social Factors: What are the specific reasons why a drug is taken (curing an illness, self-medicating, peer pressure, family upbringing, membership in drug-abusing subcultures, etc)?
Contextual Factors: How do physical surroundings (rock concerts, nightclubs, or fraternity and sorority parties) affect drug use?

13. Substances that affect both mind and body
Although substances that affect both the mind and body functioning are commonly called drugs, researchers in the field of drug or substance abuse use a more precise term: Psychoactive drugs (substances)

14. Psychoactive How drugs affect the body.
How drug substances have an effect on the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Addiction
Withdrawal Symptoms
Generally speaking, any substance that modifies the CNS and states of consciousness is a DRUG

15. Dimensions of drug use cont’d
For many substances, a user is at risk. Whenever the drug is not supplied, a chronic user may then risk addiction and experience withdrawal symptoms that are physical and/or psychological in nature whenever the drug is not supplied

16. Withdrawal cont’d

17. Withdrawal Symptoms
Psychological and physical symptoms that result when a drug is absent from the body; physical symptoms are generally present in the cases of drug dependence to more addictive drugs such as heroin, physical and psychological symptoms of withdrawal include perspiration, nausea, boredom, anxiety, and muscle spasms

18. Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are classified as either:
Licit (Legal)
Examples may include coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter drugs.
Illicit (Illegal)
Examples may include marijuana, cocaine, LSD, etc.

19. Over the Counter OTC
Drugs sold without a prescription

20. Gateway Drugs Stimulants
Gateway drugs are types of commonly used drugs that are believed to lead to using other more powerful mind-altering and addictive drugs, such as hallucinogens, cocaine, crack, and heroin.
Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are the most commonly used gateway drugs.
Table Page 8

21. Gateway Cont’d
The word gateway suggests a path leading to something else.( when used excessively, may lead to using other and often stronger and/or more addictive drugs)
Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are the most common uses drugs. Almost all abusers of more powerfully addictive drugs have first experimented with these three substances

22. Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs
Stimulants (considered to be Gateway drugs)
Act on the Central Nervous System by increasing alertness, excitation, euphoria, pulse rate, and blood pressure
Some types of stimulants
Cocaine and methamphetamine
Coffee, tea, chocolate and nicotine

23. Stimulants

24. Cont’d Hallucinogens/psychedelics (LSD, PCP, Mushrooms) Depressants
(Derived from opium) barbiturates
Alcohol
Nicotine

25. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

26. Depressants These drugs depress the CNS
Relieve boredom, stress, and anxiety
Barbiturates, Quaaludes, Rohypnol (roofies)

27. Depressants

28. Alcohol
Known as a gateway drug, ethanol is a colorless, volatile, and pungent liquid resulting from fermented grains, berries, and other fruits and vegetables

29. Alcohol

30. Nicotine
Also a gateway drug. Very addictive, colorless, highly volatile liquid alkaloid found in all tobacco products
Long-term use of tobacco products can lead to several different chronic respiratory ailments and cancers

31. Nicotine
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds which are created by the burning of tobacco leaves. Cigarette smoke includes tar and 4,000 other chemicals, including 43 substances that cause cancer. Others include gases, such as carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. However, addiction to smoking is caused by another substance called nicotine.

32. Nicotine
Nicotine acts as both a stimulant and a sedative.

33. Tobacco Silos

34. Tobacco

35. Cannabis
Marijuana and Hashish
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States.
Licit or Illicit?

36. Marijuana

37. Anabolic Steroids
Steroids are a synthetic form of a the male hormone testosterone. They are often used to increase muscle size and strength
Medically, steroids are used to increase body tissue or to treat allergies.

38. Steroids

39. Inhalants Organic Solvents
Are also considered gateway drugs and very attracted/popular to preteens and younger teenagers
Gasoline, model airplane glue, paint thinner
Generally, things around the house or garage

40. Inhalants

41. Narcotics/Opiates Opium, morphine, codeine, Demerol
From opium, we get what???

42. Heroin

43. Opium
What is Opium?
Opium is a naturally occurring substance found in the seeds of the opium poppy. Opium, which contains morphine, is extracted from the poppy seeds and used to produce heroin. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug and its use is a serious problem in America. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates.

44. Designer Drugs/ Synthetic Drugs
Innovations in technology have produced new categories known as designer drugs/synthetic drugs or synthetic opioids
MDMA, known as “Ecstasy”
syn·thet·ic
(of a substance) made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.

45. Designer Drugs Cont’d
These relatively new types of drugs are developed by people who seek to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying the drug into a new compound.

46. Designer Drugs/Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids
Structural analogs are drugs that result from altered chemical structures of current illicit drugs.
- Involves modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species.
Designer Drugs /Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids
- New categories of hybrid drugs, e.g., Ecstasy.
- These relatively recent types of drugs are created as structural analogs of substances already classified under the Controlled Substances Act.

47. Overview of Drugs in Society
Many people think that problems with drugs are unique to this era.
However, drug use and abuse have always been a part of nearly all, past and present
Egypt
Evidence of wine only appeared as a finished product in Egyptian pictographs around 4000 BC
China
The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu which date to about 7000 BC. This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.

48. Drug Misuse
Drug misuse is the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) types of drugs.
© Photos.com

49. Six Examples of Drug Misuse
Taking more drugs than prescribed
Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision
Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs
Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness
Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician’s orders
Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision

50. Dimensions of Drug Abuse
Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience.
Drug abuse refers to a more intense misuse of drugs—often to the point of addiction.
Also known as chemical or substance abuse.

51. How Widespread is Drug Abuse?
As mentioned earlier, drug abuse today is more acute and widespread than in any previous age
Drug use is an “equal-opportunity affliction” (No one is immune from the use and /or abuse)

52. Erich Goode’s Four Types of Drug Use
Legal instrumental use—taking prescribed drugs or OTC drugs to relieve or treat mental or physical symptoms
Legal recreational use—using licit drugs like tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental state
Illegal instrumental use—taking non-prescribed drugs to achieve a task or goal
Illegal recreational use—taking illicit drugs for fun or pleasure

53. Drug Use: Statistics and Trends
Social drugs
$104 billion for alcohol
$51.9 billion for cigarettes
$2 billion for cigars, chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, and snuff
$5.7 billion for coffee, teas, and cocoa
Prescription drugs
$430 billion worldwide and $176 billion in the U.S.

54. Drug Use: Statistics and Trends (continued)
OTC drugs
$23.5 billion.
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs
In 2001, 16% of Americans 12 or older (36 million) had misused prescription drugs at least once in their lifetime.
Miscellaneous drugs (such as aerosols, nutmeg, morning glory seeds, etc.)
Amount unknown.

55. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2006
203 million Americans used alcohol during their lifetime
163 million Americans used cigarettes
112 million Americans used any illicit drug(s)
Most commonly used illicit drugs (lifetime use):
40% used marijuana (6.0% used in last month)
14% used hallucinogens
20% used a psychotherapeutic drug(s) for nonmedical reason(s) (2.8% used in last month)
14% used cocaine

56. Drug Use: Additional Major Findings
Age Patterns: 18–20 age category report the most illicit drug use Racial and Ethnic Differences (highest rates of use, past month, 2006): Native American /Alaska Native 13.7% Two or more races 8.9% Black 9.8% White 8.5% Hispanic or Latino 6.9%

57. Drug Use: Additional Major Findings (continued)
Gender
Males were more likely than females among persons age 12 or older to be current illicit drug users (10.5% vs. 6.2%).
The rate of past-month marijuana use for males was about twice as high for males as the rate for females (8.1% vs. 4.1%).
Pregnant Women
Pregnant women are less likely to use drugs than similar age women who are not pregnant.

58. Drug Use: Additional Major Findings (continued)
Education: College graduates (5.9%) had the lowest rate of current use, while those who did not complete high school (9.2%) had the highest use of illicit drugs. Employment: Unemployed persons (18.5%) have a greater tendency to use more illicit-types of drugs than people gainfully employed (8.8% full-time and 9.4% part-time workers).

59. Drug Use: Additional Major Findings (continued)
Geography: The rate of illicit drug use is highest in large metropolitan areas for the general population than the rate in non-metropolitan counties.
Criminal Justice: 33% of state prisoners and 25% of federal prisoners reported that they had committed their offenses while under the influence of drugs.

60. Three Types of Drug Users
Experimenters
Begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings
Compulsive users
Devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly (sometimes exclusively) about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs
Floaters or “chippers”
Focus more on using other people’s drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply

61. Media Influence on Drug Use
The alcohol industry spends more than $1 billion on yearly advertising.
The advertising budget for Budweiser beer exceeds the entire budget for research on alcoholism and alcohol abusers.
Alcohol companies spent $4.9 billion on television advertising between 2001 and 2005.
Since the “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk” Ad Council campaign began, 79% of Americans have stopped a friend from getting behind the wheel while intoxicated.

62. Why Are People So Attracted to Drugs?
People use drugs as a means to temporarily:
Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings
Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety
Forget one’s problems and avoid or postpone worries
Relax after a tension-filled day of work
Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage
Enhance religious or mystical experiences
Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness

63. When Does Use Lead to Abuse?
The amount of drug taken does not necessarily determine abuse.
The motive for taking the drug is the most important factor in determining presence of abuse.
Initial drug abuse symptoms include:
Excessive use
Constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug
Refusal to admit excessive use
Reliance on the drug

64. Drug Dependence Both physical and psychological factors precipitate
Physical dependence refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness.
Psychological dependence refers to the need that a user may feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms.

65. Stages of Drug Dependence
Withdrawal
Relief
Increased Use
Dependency
Figure 1.6 page 32
Preoccupation

66. Stages of Drug Dependence
Relief—satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug
Increased use—involves taking greater quantities of the drug
Preoccupation—consists of a constant concern with the substance
Dependency—a synonym for addiction, is when more of the drug is sought despite the presence of physical symptoms
Withdrawal—the physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug

67. Costs of Drug Use to Society
Illness
Shortened lifespan
Broken home
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Criminal behavior
Drugs in the workplace
Cost of Assistance programs (e.g., Employee Assistance Programs [EAP’s])

68. Costs of Drug Use to Society: Statistics
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimates that the typical narcotic habit costs $100/day.
A heroin addict must steal three to five times the actual cost of the drugs to maintain a habit—about $100k per year.
Three out of four prostitutes in major cities have a serious drug dependency.

69. Drugs Crime, and Violence
There is a long-established close association between drug abuse and criminality.
A drug offense refers to the possession, use, sale or furnishing of any drug or intoxicating substance or drug paraphernalia, that is prohibited by law. Most drug offenses are felonies

70. What was the first Mexican drug cartel?
Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his alias El Padrino ("The Godfather"), is a convicted Mexican drug lord who formed the Guadalajara Cartel in the 1980s, and controlled almost all of the drug trafficking inMexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border.

71. What is the biggest cartel in Mexico?
The cartel is primarily based in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, with operations in the Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua.

72. Drug Cartels
A drug cartel is any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations.
What drugs do cartels sell?
It is the main foreign supplier of cannabis and an important entry point of South American cocaine and Asian methamphetamines to the United States. It is believed that almost half the cartels' revenues come from cannabis. Cocaine, heroin, and increasingly methamphetamine are also traded.

73. Drug Cartels

74. Drugs in the Workplace
The loss to U.S. companies due to employees' alcohol and drug use and related problems is estimated at billions of dollars a year.
From 2002 to 2004, over half of all past month illicit drug users (57.5%) and past month heavy alcohol users (67.3%) aged 18 to 64 were employed full time (SAMHSA 2007B).
Among the 19 major industry categories, the highest rates of past month illicit drug use among full-time workers aged 18 to 64 were found in accommodations and food services (16.9%) and construction (13.7%); (see Fig. 1 in 10th edition text).
The industry categories with the lowest rates of past month illicit drug use were utilities (3.8%), educational services (4%), and public administration (4.1%).

75. Drug Testing Used to identify those who may be using drugs
Urine, blood screening, or hair analysis
Duration of Detection /“Cut-Off” Levels
Urine Analysis:
Amphetamines—24–72 hours
Cocaine/Metabolite—24–72 hours
Opiates—24–72 hours
PCP—24–96 hours
THC/Metabolite—24 hours–3 weeks (depends on frequency of use)
Note: Hair analysis 1 to 3 months for all drugs listed above

76. Drug Testing (continued)
Approximately 70% of large companies test for drug use; 50% of medium companies and 22% of small companies drug test.
Over 90% use urine analysis, less than 20% use blood analysis, and less than 3% use hair analysis.
Most drug using youth do not cease drug use when they begin working.

77. Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
Holistic philosophy that advocates that the mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug-free

78. Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
Defines as, emphasizes that non-medical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the:
MIND
BODY
SPIRIT

79. The End