1. Semester: Eighth ( Spring)
 Lecture Plan
FINAL YEAR BE (Electronics & Telecomm. Engg.)
Semester: Eighth ( Spring)
Name of Subject: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
(Subject code: 8XT-4)
Session:
Subject Teacher: Prof. V. M. Umale
Solution: Class Test-1
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

2. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Syllabus
UNIT-1
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering:
Physiological system of heart, Man Instrument System, Sources of bioelectric potential, Different bioelectric signals like ECG, EMG, EEG, Bio-potential electrode theory, basic electrode, Electrodes for EEG, ECG, EMG, Biochemical Electrodes, Skin Contact Impedance, Measurement of skin contact impedance, motion artifacts, Nernst Equation.
UNIT-2
Biomedical recorder and measurement:
Biomedical recorders for EEG, ECG, EMG, blood pressure variation as a function of time, relationship of heart sound to a function of the cardiovascular system, measurement of blood pressure (Direct and Indirect Method), blood flow, heart sound.
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
VM Umale

3. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Course Outcomes:
B) Course Outcomes:
After the course Completion students are able:
To acquire the knowledge and analyze the physiological parameters and illustrate the methods utilized for data storage, interpret data and analysis.
To apply science and engineering to model and design the medical equipments and to demonstrate the principles used as a basis for biomedical Instrumentations which provides a helping tool for the physician in their diagnosis.
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

4. Mapping of COs and POs: C) Mapping of COs and POs:
1: Low Contribution, 2: Moderate Contribution, 3: High Contribution
COs#
COs Statements
Programme Outcomes(POs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1
To acquire the knowledge and analyze the physiological parameters and illustrate the methods utilized for data storage, interpret data and analysis
CO2
To apply science and engineering to model and design the medical equipments and to demonstrate the principles used as a basis for biomedical Instrumentations which provides a helping tool for the physician in their diagnosis
CO3
To acquire the knowledge about the Imaging Systems and techniques to visualize opaque organs and demonstrate the functioning of X-ray machines and Ultrasonic Scanners
CO4
To possess knowledge about functions and uses of the various Therapeutic devices and may provide better solution
CO5
To illustrate the advanced instrumentation used in patient safety, monitoring systems like ICU, CathLab, central monitoring systems and transmission of bio signals using telemetry principles
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

5. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q1.a
What is Bio Potential? Explain the following with suitable sketch (8)
Repolarisation and de-polarisation,
All or Nothing Law
Absolute and relative refractory period
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

6. *** Sources of Bioelectric Potential ***
Biosignal/Biopotential
The ionic potential originated with the result of electrochemical activity of certain special cells/ tissues
Own monitoring signals, which convey information about the functions they represent.
Such signals are associated with nerve conduction, brain activity, heart activity, muscle activity etc
Natural Monitoring signal, helps the physician
Ionic voltage
Transducer
Electric voltage
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

7. L3: Sources of Bioelectric Potential
Biosignal/Biopotential
Such signals:
Used for extracting information on a biological systems(physiological systems)
Phenomenon that conveys information which is used for diagnosis
Process of extracting information could be as simple as feeling pulse of a person on the wrist or as complex as analyzing the structure of internal soft tissues by an ultrasound scanner
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

8. Cont.. S. No Signals sources 1 EEG, ENG, EMG Nervous system 2 EOG
Occular System 3
ERG
Corniel Retinal Position 4
ECG
Cardiovascular system 5
PULSE RATE ,, 6
BLOOD PRESSURE 7
BLOOD FLOW 8
PCG
Heart valves 9
EMG
Muscular system 10
EGG
Gastroinstinal track
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

9. Action potential & Resting potential
Source for Biopotential
nerve cells and muscle cells
Resting potential ,Action potential
States of cell: Polarised state
Depolarised state
Repolarised state
(Semi permeable membrane):Depolarisation phase and
Repolarisation phase
Electrical activity associated with one contraction in a muscle
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

10. Polarized state and Resting Potential..
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Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

11. Depolarized state and Action Potential..
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

12. Action potential & Resting potential
Cl- K+
Na+
Action potential & Resting potential
Polarised state
Na+
Cl- K+
Na+
Semi permeable membrane
-70mv
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

13. Action potential & Resting potential
Polarised state
Cl-
Na+ K+
Semi permeable membrane
20 mv
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

14. Typical cell potential waveform Typical terms:
Cont..
Typical cell potential waveform
Typical terms:
Resting potential and action potential
Depolarization and Repolarization phase
Sodium pump
All-or-nothing law
Net height of the action potential
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Propagation rate/Nerve conduction rate/conduction velocity
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

15. CELL POTENTIAL: VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

16. All or Nothing law: The action potential is always the same for any given cell irrespective of method by which cell is excited and intensity of the stimulus Absolute refractory period: Brief period of time during which the cell can not respond to any new stimulus(1msec in nerve cells) Relative refractory period: Period of time during which another action potential can be obtained with a much stonger stimulation (several msec ). Its result of after potential.
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

17. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q1.b
Draw the Physiologycal structure of heart and explain the electrical activity associated with it? (7)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

18. Conducting System of Heart
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

19. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Cont…
features of important bio-signals such as- ECG
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

20. ELECTRO-CONDUCTION OF HEART MUSCLES:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

21. features of important biomedical signals such as- ECG
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

22. ECG SIGNAL :
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

23. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q2.a
Explain how heart works as a mechanical pump with suitable pump? (8)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

24. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

25. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

26. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q2.b
Explain the ECG waveform? What are electrodes used for ECG and EMG (7)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

27. features of important biomedical signals such as- ECG
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

28. Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG
Various Electrodes used for the measurement or recording of ECG signal.
Immersion electodes(not used now)
Limb electrodes
Suction cup electrodes
Floating electrodes
Spray –on electrodes
Pregelled disposable electrode
Pasteless (dry) electrodes
Air –jet ECG electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

29. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
ECG plate electrode.
The electrode is usually
Fastened to the arm
or leg with a perforated
Rubber strap which
keeps it in position
during ECG recording
ECG Electrodes
Light weight floating
Electrode with press Stud
for long term monitoring
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

30. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
ECG Electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

31. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Disposable pre-gelled
ECG Electrode.
A porous tape overlaying
placed over the electrode
resists perspiration and
Ensures positive placement
Under stress conditions
ECG Electrodes
Air –Jet ECG Electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

32. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Suction cup electrode
(Unipolar chest ECG
Electrode.)
ECG Electrodes
Floating type skin surface
ECG Electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. 32

33. Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG
Various Electrodes used for the measurement or recording of EMG signal.
Needle electrodes
Monopolar
Bipolar
Concentric core needle
Multi-element needle electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

34. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
EMG Electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

35. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Micro Electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

36. Metal micro-electrodes
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

37. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q3.a
Explain the biomedical recorders with proper block schematics of EEG recorder (7)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

38. EEG Recorder : Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

39. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

40. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

41. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

42. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

43. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q3.b
Explain with block diagram of ECG recorder (7)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

44. ECG Recorder : Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

45. ECG Recorder : Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

46. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

47. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q4.a
Draw and Explain the block schematic of 12 lead system for ECG measurement (8)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

48. 12 lead ECG system :
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

49. Cont… : Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

50. Bipolar limb leads system:
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Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

51. Augmented/unipolar limb leads system:
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Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

52. unipolar chest limb leads system:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

53. SHRI SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHEGAON:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

54. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Q4.a
What is skin contact Impedance? Explain the method of
measurement of skin contact impedance? (7)
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

55. SKIN CONTACT IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT:
VM Umale
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

56. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Question Bank: Unit-I 1
Explain the Man Instrument system in detail 6 2
Explain how action potential are generated at a cellular level 7 3
Which body system is responsible for communication in it? Explain with suitable example. 4
Describe the following biomedical signals, i) ECG, ii) EMG, iii) EEG
Explain the Nernst Equation. Give its significance 5
What is skin contact impedance? Explain the role of electrode jelly in electrode for measurement of bioelectric signals
Draw the following bioelectric signals specifying relative parameters and its significance- i)ECG, ii)EMG, iii) EEG
Justify the statement “ The human body can be considered as a power station 8
Draw the physiological structure of the heart and explain it, How electrical signals are generated from the heart 9
What is EMG? Explain the methods of quantifying EMG 10
Explain how body acts as an electrical signal generating station, explain it
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

57. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Question Bank: Unit-I 11
What is electrode tissue interface? Draw its electrical equivalent and explain the terms, i) skin contact impedance, ii) Half cell potential 7 12
Explain the various electrodes used for ECG measurement, with their merits and demerits 8 13
What is Nernst equation? Calculate the potential difference across a membrane separating two very dilute solutions of monovalent ion, one concentration being 100 times as great as other and body temperature is 380C 14
Explain the electrical; activity of brain, although this activity is not periodic and repetitive, How it is useful in diagnosis? Discuss 15
What do you mean by polarized and non-polarized electrodes? Which type of electrode will you prefer in biomedical applications? What are the merits of Ag-AgCl electrodes, that makes it popular in biomedical measurement and recording system? 16
Explain how action potentials are generated at cellular level? 6
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

58. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Question Bank: Unit-I 17
What is Nernst equation? Explain; calculate the potential across a membrane, separating two solutions of bivalent ions in mv. Given that the product of ion concentration with activity coefficient of one side is 10 times larger than that of other side of the membrane, assume a body temperature of 390C, R = *107 ergs/mole/0k, F= Coulombs 7 18
Explain how heart works as a mechanical pump with suitable diagram 19
Explain pH electrodes. What is significance of pH measurement 6 20
Explain the electrical activity of the brain with various frequency bands and its significance. 21
What is skin contact impedance? What is the role of electrode jellies and creams in measurement of bioelectric signals? Describe the setup for skin contact impedance measurement 9 22
What do you mean by biomedical signals? List out the various biomedical signals and their sources. 23
Explain the following with suitable sketches: i) action potential, ii) Depolarization, iii) Repolarization, iv) all or nothing law 8
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

59. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Question Bank: Unit-I 24
Is the frequency of the EEG signal affected by the mental activity of a person? Explain with example. Also classify the basic frequency range of EEG signal for the purpose of analysis. 6 25
Justify, “ Heart is a two stage pump operated in parallel and blood circulation is in series sequence” with blood circulation path. 7 26
Explain how action potentials are generated at cellular level? What is absolute and relative refractory period? 27
Draw an electrical equivalent circuit of skin electrode interface? Also explain any one technique to measure the skin contact impedance. 28
Draw the following bioelectrical signals specifying relative parameters and its significance, i) ECG, ii) EEG, iii) EMG 29
With the help of neat block schematic explain Man Instrumentation system, give its advantages 30
Draw and explain an equivalent circuit of bio-potential measurement. 31
Explain electrical activity associated with one contraction in a muscle with related diagram and define resting and action potential with relevant waveforms 8 32
What are the artifacts, which arise while recording EEG signals? How they are eliminated
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

60. Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
Thanks
VM Umale
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.