1. MID-TERM REVIEW SAMPLES

2. Epithelial Tissue Simple vs. Stratified
Squamous – flattened nuclei, looks like ceramic tile
Cuboidal – large spherical, central nuclei, look like cubes
Columnar – long, elongated, rectangular with stretched nuclei
Transitional – only stratified/shape of the surface cells look different to the bottom cells. Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar.
Pseudostratified – look for the cilia at the top*

3. Transitional

4. Cuboidal Stratified

5. Cuboidal

6. Squamous Simple

7. Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Connective Tissue Fluid Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper
Supportive Connective Tissue
Loose
Dense
Lymph
Bone
Blood
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
Cartilage
Irregular
Regular

8. Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose

9. Areolar Tissue Distributed throughout the body
Forms a layer that separates the skin from deeper structures
Contains elastic fibers which makes it resilient
Also contains collagen fibers
Provides support but permits independent movement
Cushions organs
Permits muscles to move freely without pulling on the skin

10. Adipose Tissue Provides padding, shock absorption & insulation
Energy storage (lots of mitochondria)
Also serves as packing or filler around structures
Abundant under the skin and in the buttocks, breasts, and abdomen
Key feature*: displacement of the nucleus and cytoplasm due to the storage of lipids

11. Reticular
Forms internal supporting framework for soft organs such as spleen, liver, and lymphatic organs
Also found in lymph nodes and bone marrow

12. Dense Connective Tissue
Irregular
Regular

13. Dense Connective Tissue – Irregular
Made of mainly elastic fibers
Allows for expansion and contraction of organs (multilateral motion)
Locations:
Between vertebrae, ligaments supporting penis, transitional epithelia, and blood vessel walls

14. Dense Connective Tissue – Regular
Protein fibers are PARALLEL
Provides firm attachment
Conducts pull of muscles
Reduces friction between muscles
Stabilizes relative positions of bones
Locations
Between skeletal muscles (tendons – attach muscles to bones)
Between bones or stabilizing internal organs (ligaments – support adjacent bones)
Deep fasciae that cover and isolates muscles from surrounding structures

15. Fluid Tissue Lymph Blood Red blood cells  Erythrocytes  O2 Transport
White blood cells  Leukocytes  Immune Function
Platelets Injury mediators

16. Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Stratum Basale
Basal cells predominate: stem cells so they are in a constant state of mitosis  replace keratinocytes at the surface
Other cells: melanocytes which produce melanin, which protects against UV ray harm
Contains tactile cells (Merkel cells) – stimulated upon touch
Stratum Granulosum
Cells stop dividing and begin producing keratin and keratohyalin
Stratum Corneum
Receptors, Immune Cells, Vitamin D production
Dermis
Hair follicle (arrector pili muscle causes it to stand)
Hypodermis
Important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underneath tissues
Subcutaneous injection site

17. Skeletal System Functions Structural support Organ protection
Hematopoiesis
Mineral/Lipid storage
Leverage

18. Osseous Tissue Periosteum – tough, fibrous outer membrane
Inner layer has the osteoblasts and osteocytes
**REMEMBER** osteoblasts  bone growth and repair, osteocytes  maintain the matrix
Endosteum – surrounds medullary cavity and contains the osteoclasts

20. Where are the osteocytes located in?
Lacunae