Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet

Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet
28 November 2018 Good Morning/Afternoon Please be seated, Please be quiet Prepare yourself as our historical adventure continues with a look into The West Between the Wars. This leg will take our investigate into Instability After WW I, Rise of Dictatorial Regimes and Hitler and the Nazi Germany... HOMEWORK Read Chp 28 – Complete the West Between the Wars Packet – Due Wednesday, 30 November

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I Ends
What do you Recall? When did General Ludendorff realize that Germany had lost the war? The lose at the Second Battle of Marne What was a key position of President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference? The League of Nations

What do you Recall? List some complications faced during the Paris Peace Conference: Secret European agreements – Wilson’s self- determination principle – Territorial disputes between the Big Three

What do you Recall? A condition of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Discuss provisions to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany (and Austria) responsible for the war Reparations

WW I and the Russian Revolution – The Russian revolution
What do you Recall? Why was Russia unprepared for war? Lack of competent military leaders A result of the abdication of Czar Nicholas II was Civil War (Revolution) Additionally, his abdication created a new government called Communist Government

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I
What do you Recall? What did Trench Warfare cause? A stalemate on the Western Front The strip on land on the Western Front that separated the forces was know as No-man’s-land What was the different strategies between the Western and Eastern Fronts? Western – Trench warfare Eastern - Mobility

What do you Recall? How did the war affect women? New jobs to start Why were there these new jobs? Men left for war Did jobs change at the end of the war for women? Yes Why? Lost jobs at end, because the men were returning

WW I and the Russian Revolution – WW I Begins
What do you Recall? What was a key component to heightening the rivalries of the European states? Competition for land; especially Africa What ethnic minorities wanted their own independent nations? Slavic minorities - Austro-Hungarian Empire - the Irish – the Poles How did industrialization affect the military warfare? New methods of shipbuilding and weapons

What do you Recall? Who declares war on Russia because of its full mobilization of it’s army? Germany

The west between the wars
Instability After World War I Rise of Dictatorial Regimes Hitler and Nazi Germany

The west between the wars – instability after WW I
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security (overview) New problems arose in the years after World War I. The war’s peace settlement included provisions that could serve as new sources of conflict. The effectiveness of the League of Nations was weakened by the lack of U.S. involvement (U.S. did not join the League of Nations). Germany could not afford to pay reparations for war damages, leading to conflict with France. Annual

Occupation of the Ruhr valley
In 1922, French troops occupied the Ruhr Valley after Germany defaulted on reparations payments. France planned to collect mining and industrial resources for payments owed. German workers passively resisted the French occupation by striking. German inflation made paper currency worthless. The Dawes Plan restructured German payments. Occupation of the Ruhr valley

Hyperinflation in Germany
Inflation occurs when the level of prices rises, which can be caused by an increase in the money supply. Inflation period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. Hyperinflation is when this problem grows out of control. Because Germany fell behind in its reparation's payments to France and Belgium, the two countries occupied the industrial Ruhr district of Germany. The German government had factory workers stop working but continued to pay them their salaries. Within months, there were so many marks—the German currency—in circulation that prices were raised to keep pace. Hyperinflation in Germany

This chart shows the number of German marks needed to equal one dollar between 1919 and 1923.

Hyperinflation in Germany
Workers were paid twice a day, prices in restaurants went up while people ate their meals, and a loaf of bread that cost 20,000 marks in the morning cost 5 million marks in the evening. The German mark became a worthless piece of paper—some people even used it to burn in their ovens to cook. When the German economy collapsed in the fall of 1923, one American dollar was worth over a trillion German marks. Early 1920s, a German housewife in Berlin uses marks to start a fire in her stove. Hyperinflation in Germany

Inflation in Germany What was the result of this situation? France and Germany sought a way out of the disaster New Plan developed: Dawes Plan Explain: First, reduce Germany’s reparations Secondly, Coordinated annual payments that could be paid Additionally: Granted an initial $200 million loan.

The Treaty of Locarno Discuss: New European diplomacy Germany and France A spirit of cooperation New western borders for Germany with France and Belgium What follows? Kellogg-Briand Pact.

The Great Depression Discuss: Two Factors: Downturn of economics in individual nations in the second half of the 1920s International financial crisis? U. S. stock market crashed

The Great Depression began in late 1929 when the U. S
The Great Depression began in late 1929 when the U.S. stock market crashed, and it quickly spread worldwide was the worst for workers: U. S. and Britain 25 percent unemployment; Germany: about 30 percent.

Responses to the Depression Germany and the United States created work programs that eventually turned the tide on unemployment. In Germany, Adolph Hitler, who had come to power in the depths of the depression, used public works and re- armed the country to create jobs and nearly wipe out the unemployment rate. In the United States, President Franklin Roosevelt used drastic trade policy changes and created public works programs (the New Deal) to put Americans back to work. Ultimately, World War II would bring the United States and most of Europe back to full employment.

Responses to the Depression The Great Depression shook people’s confidence in democracy. Led masses of people to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictatorial power. In 1919, most European states, both major and minor, had democratic governments. In the 1920s, maintaining these democratic governments was not easy.

Germany What happens after the War? Imperial Germany ended German democratic state Weimar (VY • mahr) Republic Runaway inflation The Great Depression Unemployment Rise of extremist parties.

France What happens after the War? Financial Problems The Great Depression – 1932 Political chaos Popular Front government Communists – Socialists – Radicals French New Deal Collective Bargaining.

Great Britain What happens after the War? The Great Depression – 1929 Labour Party fell from power Conservatives Leads Great Britain out of the Depression John Maynard Keynes Economic Depression could be combated by through government spending to create jobs Deficit spending.

United States Depressions effects: Industrial Production fell 50% 12 million unemployed In the United States, Roosevelt pursued a policy of active governmental economic intervention: The New Deal.

United States The New Deal Increased program of public Works The Works Progress Administration (WPA) U. S. welfare system Social Security Act Unemployment Insurance.

Arts and Sciences World War I influenced the arts and sciences. The uncertainties that followed the war were evident in artistic movements of Dadaism and surrealism. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle challenged Newtonian physics and represented a new worldview.

Dadaism Dadaists felt that life had no purpose and they were especially offended by what they saw as the insanity of the modern industrialized world. These artists rejected traditional art. Their work was spontaneous, illogical, nihilistic (believing nothing is worthwhile) and often strange and fantastical. The German artist Max Ernst painted “Oedipus Rex” using oil on canvas in 1922.

Photomontage A form of Dadaism Combines multiple photos that are manipulated, cut up, pasted in layers, and developed at different exposures to create often visually overwhelming and stunning images. The artists felt that the juxtaposition of many elements allowed them to comment on what they perceived as the absurdity of modern life at the turn of the twentieth century. Hoch created this work, titled “The Beautiful Girl,” in 1920.

Surrealism Born of the Dadaist movement, surrealism attempted to unite the conscious and unconscious, our dreams and fantasies with our everyday realities (thus a “surreality”). These artists played with traditional elements of art in often surprising, imaginative or frightening ways. Completely normal-looking paintings, when examined closely, would reveal completely illogical or impossible details. Salvador Dalí, one of the most well known of the surrealists, often depicted everyday objects in bizarre states or strange situations. Dalí painted “Persistence of Memory” in

What do you Recall? What was a key component of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany? Reparations A key component to the Dawes Plan. Reduce Germany’s Reparations Key element to the weakening of the League of Nations? U.S. did not join

What do you Recall? What was a primary cause of the Great Depression? U.S. stock market crash Hitler implemented public works projects and a rearmament program, thus ending Germany’s Depression – Economic woes – Unemployment The Postwar artistic style focused on fascination with the absurd and unconscious content of the mind. Surrealism

The west between the wars – The Rise of Dictatorial regimes
The Rise of Dictators Totalitarian State Explain: More than passive obedience Wanted to conquer the minds and hearts of the subjects Mass propaganda – Modern communications Single leader – Single party Rejected limited government – guaranteed individual freedoms.

Benito Mussolini ( ) Benito Mussolini was a Fascist dictator and the Italian prime minister from 1922 to 1943, attempted to control the citizens with mass propaganda. He advocated socialism in his youth but was expelled from the Socialist Party when he supported Italy’s entry into World War I on the Allied side. His apparent successes with Fascism attracted the attention of Adolf Hitler. In 1926, the Fascists outlawed all other political parties in Italy and set up a secret police, known as the OVRA. By the end of the year, Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce (eel DOO • chay) "The Leader."

The Fascist State Discuss the evolvement: Should be Totalitarian OVRA Mass media Spread propaganda Organizations Social attitudes.

V. I. Lenin ( ) During the civil war in Russia, Lenin had followed a policy of war communism. When the war was over, peasants began to sabotage the Communist program. Moreover, drought caused a terrible famine between 1920 and As many as 5 million died. With agricultural disaster came industrial collapse. By 1921, industrial output was only 20 percent of its 1913 level. Russia was exhausted. A peasant banner proclaimed, "Down with Lenin and horseflesh. Bring back the czar and pork.“ As Leon Trotsky said, "The country, and the government with it, were at the very edge of the abyss."

Lenin’s New Economic Policy Discuss: Abandoned war communism New Economic Policy (NEP) Modified version of the old capitalist system

The Soviet Union Discuss: 1922 A new state Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – USSR – Soviet Union NEP saved the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union Lenin dies and a struggle for power: Politburo (PAH • luht • byur • oh ) – the Communist Party's main policy-making body Severely divided over the future of the Soviet Union Leon Trotsky End the NEP for a path of rapid industrialization Spread Communism abroad

The Soviet Union Discuss the two stances: Leon Trotsky End the NEP for a path of rapid industrialization Spread Communism abroad Second Group Rejected worldwide communism Build a socialist state – continue NEP

In 1899, as a seminary student, he was expelled from school for revolutionary activity. He later became a member of an underground revolutionary group and disciple of Lenin. After the Bolsheviks rose to power in 1917, Stalin served in many high-ranking positions. He was able to take control of Soviet politics after Lenin’s death in During this period, he enacted policies and secret executions that took millions of lives. After World War II, Russia emerged as an industrial and military power. Stalin continued his repressive political measures until his death in 1953. Joseph Stalin ( )

Stalin and His Five-Year Plans Discuss: 1927 Stalin has the upper hand Removed Trotsky – Trotsky flees – Assassinated in Mexico Stalin is free to seize all power Powerful Dictatorship

Stalin and His Five-Year Plans Additionally: 1928 Ended the NEP and launching his Five-Year Plans Goal: Transform Russia overnight, how? Agricultural to Industry

Stalin and His Five-Year Plans First Five-Year Plan: Military and Capital goods Heavy machinery – Oil production

Costs of Stalin’s Programs Discuss: Social and Political Costs were enormous Workers increased Housing declined Miserable living conditions Wages declined Collectivization Led to widespread famine Thus, the Great Purge

Joseph Stalin (center) standing next to Nikolai Yezhov (right), a Communist Party official. While chief of the Soviet Security Police, Yezhov administered the most severe stage of Stalin’s great purges. Additionally, Stalin era also overturned permissive social legislation. The family was praised as a small collective. Parents were responsible for teaching the values of hard work, duty, and discipline to their children.

Authoritarian States in the West Discuss: Not Totalitarian Authoritarian Use of Police Powers Preserve the existing social order

Eastern Europe Discuss: Democracy at the onset after WW I Soon replaced by Authoritarian Regimes, why? No tradition of political democracy Rural and Agrarian Turned to Authoritarian to maintain the old system

Spain Discuss: Political democracy fails Civil War breaks out Italy and Germany aided Franco’s forces Hitler tests new weapons (during the Civil War) Franco succeeds by capturing Madrid A Dictatorship is established until his death

What do you Recall? A method utilized by Mussolini to control the citizens in his Fascist government. Mass Propaganda What was the key goal of Stalin’s Five Year Plan? Transform Russia from Agrarian to Industrial What is collectivization? Private farms are eliminated and peasants work government owned farms

What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Easter Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

What do you Recall? List some complications faced during the Paris Peace Conference: Secret European agreements – Wilson’s self- determination principle – Territorial disputes between the Big Three

What do you Recall? A condition of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Discuss provisions to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany (and Austria) responsible for the war Reparations

What do you Recall? What did Trench Warfare cause? A stalemate on the Western Front The strip on land on the Western Front that separated the forces was know as No-man’s-land What was the different strategies between the Western and Eastern Fronts? Western – Trench warfare Eastern - Mobility

What do you Recall? How did the war affect women? New jobs to start Why were there these new jobs? Men left for war Did jobs change at the end of the war for women? Yes Why? Lost jobs at end, because the men were returning

The west between the wars
Instability After World War I Rise of Dictatorial Regimes Hitler and Nazi Germany

The west between the wars – Hitler and Nazi Germany
Hitler and Nazism What was the basis of Adolf Hitler’s ideas? The core of Hitler’s ideas was extreme German nationalism, anti-Semitism (racism) and anticommunism. Let’s Discuss Hitler: Failure in School Rejected to be an artist by the academy Developed Racism at the core of his political ideas Specifically: Anti-Semitism (Hostility toward Jews)

Hitler and Nazism Discuss Hitler: Served on the Western Front during the War Went into politics German Worker’s Party Gained control of the party Renamed: National Socialist German Worker’s Party NSDAP or Nazi

Hitler and Nazism Discuss Hitler’s party: Grows to 55,000 15,000 in the militia (SA – Storm Troops – Brownshirts) So, now what for Hitler? Stages and uprising - Loses – Sentenced to prison Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Describing his political philosophy

Rise of Nazism Discuss Hitler’s party: Had to attain power legally Needed to be a mass party to compete for votes After Hitler’s release from Prison: Expands the Nazi Party (800,000) Unemployment grows Hitler promises a New Germany Nationalism and Militarism

The Nazis Take Control How? Reichstag had little power Right-wing elites (Industrial leaders - Landed aristocrats - Military officers - Higher bureaucrats) looked to Hitler for leadership President Hindenburg allowed Hitler to become a chancellor He created a new government “Legal seizure” March 23, 1933

The Nazis Take Control Discuss the Enabling Act: Power of the government to ignore the constitution Made Hitler’s actions legal Thus, Hitler became a dictator appointed by parliament

The Nazis Take Control What’s next? Hitler has a totalitarian state President Hindenburg dies Presidency is abolished Hitler became sole ruler of Germany Führer (FYUR • uhr), or "Leader.”

The Nazi State, How did Hitler build the Nazi State? He used economic policy, mass spectacle, propaganda, and terror to build the Nazi state. Let’s look closer at Nazi State: Totalitarian State Development of an Aryan racial state Used mass demonstrations and spectacles Crowds assembled at Nuremberg for huge political rallies Evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement

The State and Terror Discuss this development: Terror to maintain control How? Schutzstaffeln ("Guard Squadrons”) – known as the SS Originally: Hitler’s personal bodyguards Later: Secret Police and Regular Police

Ss marching in berlin Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, became the second most powerful man in the Nazi government after Hitler. The SS (abbreviation for Schutzstaffel, or Guard Squadron) was an elite security force in Nazi Germany. Originally a group of bodyguards for Adolf Hitler – Then utilized to terrorize the German people Divisions of the SS included military troops, secret police, and administrators of concentration camps. The SS became the most feared organization in Germany. The all-black uniform, displaying the twin lightning bolts (for “SS”) and the skull insignia, was designed to instill fear. Additionally, the SS were execution squads and ran the death camps

Economics Discuss Hitler’s Role: Public works projects – Grants to private construction firms to put people back to work Additionally: Massive rearmament program Thus, ending the unemployment woes Allowing: The regime to claim full credit for solving Germany's economic woes An important factor leading many Germans to accept Hitler and the Nazis.

“Now we again have a happy future
“Now we again have a happy future. For that, we thank the Führer on December 4.” What does the poster display to you? The interpretation is: According to the poster, happiness is found in motherhood and family. The woman and her children are glowing and smiling, and the poster implies that children are the key to a happy future. Women and Nazism Women played a crucial role Child bearers Triumph the Aryan race Specific jobs: Social workers - Nurses

Anti-Semitic Policies Discuss: September 1935 Nuremberg Laws Defined a Jew Additionally, Jews: Could not be German Citizens Could not inter-marry (mix marriages) Required

Kristallnacht "crystal night" or "night of broken glass." On November 9, 1938, Nazis throughout Germany and Austria and in the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia attacked Jews and destroyed their property. (rampage) When the violence subsided, more than 1,000 synagogues had been destroyed, and about 7,500 Jewish businesses as well as Jewish homes, cemeteries, hospitals, and schools had been vandalized and looted. About 30,000 Jewish males were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Six days after Kristallnacht, Jews were prohibited from attending school. By the end of 1938, Jews had become virtual prisoners in their own homes, banned from most public spaces in Germany.

Culture and Leisure Discuss: Series of inventions in the late 1800s Marconi’s discovery of the wireless radio waves 1930s – 9 million radios in Great Britain Movies Thus, Mass Communication (especially radio) Political Purposes and Propaganda

What do you Recall? Hitler’s political theory involved? Nationalism and Racism Who wrote Mein Kampf? Adolf Hitler What was it? A book on his Political Philosophy

What do you Recall? What were strategies utilized by the SS to control the German People? Terror – Secret Police Concentration Camps Execution Squads What allowed Hitler and the Nazi Party to be accepted? Belief he had ended the country’s economic depression

What do you Recall? Describe the Nuremberg Laws. Excluded Jews from German citizenship Forbade mixed marriages (Jews and Germans) Describe Kristallnacht. Nazi lead rampage against the German Jews Why did the Nazis encourage radio usage? Key source for political messages

The west between the wars – the rise of dictatorial regimes
What do you Recall? A method utilized by Mussolini to control the citizens in his Fascist government. Mass Propaganda What was the key goal of Stalin’s Five Year Plan? Transform Russia from Agrarian to Industrial What is collectivization? Private farms are eliminated and peasants work government owned farms

The west between the wars – the rise of dictatorial regimes
What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Easter Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

What do you Recall? List some complications faced during the Paris Peace Conference: Secret European agreements Wilson’s self-determination principle Territorial disputes between the Big Three

What do you Recall? A one condition of the Treaty of Versailles between Germany and France. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Discuss provisions to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany (and Austria) responsible for the war Reparations

What do you Recall? What did Trench Warfare cause? A stalemate on the Western Front The strip of land on the Western Front that separated the forces was know as No-man’s-land What was the different strategies between the Western and Eastern Fronts? Western – Trench warfare Eastern - Mobility

What do you Recall? How did the war affect women? New jobs in different industries Why were these opportunities available? Men left for war and the work had to carry on Did jobs change at the end of the war for women? Yes Why? Lost jobs at end, because the men were returning

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