1. Assemble your Biochemistry Unit Packet in order (cover sheet on top)
Assemble your Biochemistry Unit Packet in order (cover sheet on top). Staple or paperclip and turn into the basket. I will collect your tests and answer sheets.
Ch. 4 Warm-Up
At minimum, what structures or components must a cell contain to be alive?
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
In biology, “Structure dictates function”. Think of a type of cell in your body. In what way is its structure related to its function? Explain.

2. Warm-Up Contrast prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells.
List and describe the contents inside of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope.

3. Warm-Up
Compare the diffusion times with the SA:V ratio of the agar blocks. Explain how the diffusion time and SA:V ratio are related.
Calculate your group’s Mass/Time for your competition cube. Compare with the other groups. How effective was your group’s cell design?

4. Warm-Up
The properties of several artificial cells is shown in the table. Which cell would be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?
A certain human cell has a radius of 8 μm. Calculate the surface area, volume, and the SA:V ratio.

5. Practice Problem
Calculate the surface- area to volume ratio for these cells. Which cell would likely be more efficient at exchanging substances with the surrounding environment?

6. Warm-Up List 3 differences between plant and animal cells.
An antibody (a protein molecule) is produced and released by a plasma cell. List the pathway that this protein takes in the cell from it’s production until it is released to the outside of the cell. (Hint: The antibody travels through the endomembrane system.)
What would happen to a cell if it did not have fully functional lysosomes?

7. Chapter 4
A Tour of the Cell

8. You Must Know
Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells.
The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in animal cells.
How different cell types show differences in subcellular components.
How internal membranes and organelles contribute to cell functions.
How cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and waste elimination.

9. 2 Types of Cells:
Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya): Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

10. A Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)

11. Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote
“before” “kernel”
No nucleus
DNA in a nucleoid
Cytosol
No organelles other than ribosomes
Small size
Primitive
i.e. Bacteria & Archaea
“true” “kernel”
Has nucleus and nuclear envelope
Cytosol
Membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function
Much larger in size
More complex
i.e. plant/animal cell

12. Cell Size and Scale
Scale of the Universe:
rse_2012

14. Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio
Large S.A. allows  rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment

15. Calculate Volume of a Sphere:

16. Surface Area Example (Animal):
Small Intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients
Villi: finger-like projections on SI wall
Microvilli: projections on each cell

17. Folds  Villi  Microvilli

18. Surface Area Example (Plant):
Root hairs: extensions of root epidermal cells; increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals

19. Nucleus Function: control center of cell Contains DNA (& mRNA)
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits (rRNA + proteins) are formed

21. Ribosomes Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein
Large subunit + small subunit
Types:
Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell

22. Endomembrane System:
Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions

23. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Network of membranes and sacs
Types:
Rough ER: ribosomes on surface
Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane
Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface
Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

25. Golgi Apparatus
Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes
Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Cis face: receives vesicles
Trans face: ships vesicles

26. Lysosomes
Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes

27. Vacuoles
Function: storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons)
Membrane-bound vesicles
Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles
Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water, ions; retains water for turgor pressure

31. Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109

33. Mitochondria Function: site of cellular respiration
Double membrane: outer and inner membrane
Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to  ATP made
Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment

34. Chloroplasts Function: site of photosynthesis Double membrane
Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid)
Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for capturing sunlight energy

35. Endosymbiont theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin
Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
Evidence:
Double-membrane structure
Have own ribosomes & DNA
Reproduce independently within cell

36. Peroxisomes Functions: break down fatty acids; detox alcohol
Involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

37. Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers
Function: support, motility, regulate biochemical activities

39. Plant Cells Cell wall: protect plant, maintain shape
Composed of cellulose
Plasmodesmata: channels between cells to allow passage of molecules from cell to cell

40. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Outside plasma membrane of animal cells
Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)
Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell

41. Intercellular Junctions (Animal cells)
Tight junctions: 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal
Desmosomes: “rivets” that fasten adjacent cells into strong sheets
Gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass

42. Plant Cells Only
Animals Cells Only
Central vacuoles
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Cell wall of cellulose
Flagella, cilia
Plasmodesmata
Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions
Extracellular matrix (ECM)

43. Harvard cell video
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