1. Macromolecule Notes – Modified version from Biology Junction
Edited by Mr. Uchime

2. Unit 2 –Day 1 Notes Macromolecules

3. Unit 2 – Day 1 Notes Learning Targets
Be able to describe the monomer of each macromolecule
Be able to identify the four major macromolecules/polymers
Be able to describe the function of each macromolecule

4. Monomer
One subunit of a macromolecule

5. Polymer
Polymers are large organic molecules that are composed of two or more monomer subunits.
Note: Polymers are the macromolecule/biomolecule
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Carbon = Organic
*** Macromolecules are large organic molecules also known as biomolecules, organic molecules, and lastly polymers. ***

7. Macromolecules One subunit is called a monomer
Macromolecule are large organic molecules.
They are also called POLYMERS.
Macromolecules are made up of smaller molecules/subunit called MONOMERS.
One subunit is called a monomer
i.e. 1 brick, 1 sugar, 1 amino acid etc.
Two or more subunits linked together are called polymers
- i.e. a brick house, a carbohydrate, a polymer, a lipid etc.

8. Macromolecules The four macromolecules/biomolecules are:
1. Carbohydrates = sugars
2. Lipids = fats
3. Proteins = structures
4. Nucleic acids = genetic info.

9. Carbohydrates
= quick/fast energy

10. Carbohydrates Function:
The primary energy source of most organisms (sugar). They provide quick/fast energy for an organism. They also provide the material for cell walls in plants (cellulose).
Examples:
Fruits
Sugar
Energy Drinks
Bread and rice

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Carbohydrates
Saccharide = sugar = carbohydrate ***
Examples:
A. monosaccharide = 1 sugar
B. disaccharide = 2 sugars
C. polysaccharide = 2 or more sugars
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12. Carbohydrates Many carbohydrates end in the suffix – ose Example:
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Cellulose
Glucose
Fructose

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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) ***
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose
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16. Lipids = fats or long term energy storage/insulation

17. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones

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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
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Lipids
Triglycerides (a polymer of a Lipid): composed of 1 glycerol (monomer) and 3 fatty acids (monomer). H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds. (bad). Solid at room temperature.
Examples: Butter, lard, animal fats, cheese, cream,
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good). Liquid at room temperature.
Examples: Oils from vegetables.
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21. Unit 2 –Day 2 Notes Macromolecules

22. Proteins= cellular structures/enzymes

23. Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)

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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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26. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: oxygen is transported via hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: via muscles
5. Structural: cellular structures such as hair and nails
6. Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions (catalyst)
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27. Nucleic Acids
= genetic information

28. Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid
(RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides.

29. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include 3 parts: Phosphate group
Base made of nitrogen
Sugar (5–carbon pentose)

30. Nucleic acids 5 nitrogenous bases: thymine (T) (DNA only)
adenine (A) (Both DNA and RNA)
thymine (T) (DNA only)
uracil (U) (RNA only)
cytosine (C) (Both DNA and RNA)
guanine (G) (Both DNA and RNA)

31. Is this nucleotide DNA or RNA? Explain how you know
O=P-O
Phosphate
Group N
Nitrogenous Base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
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32. Is this nucleotide DNA or RNA? Explain how you know
O=P-O
Phosphate
Group N
Nitrogenous Base
(A, G, C, or U
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(Ribose)
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Nucleic acids
The sugar in DNA is called Deoxyribose
The sugar in RNA is called Ribose
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34. Nucleic acids The monomers of Nucleic Acids are nucleotides.
The polymers of nucleic acids are either DNA or RNA

35. Nucleotide (DNA or RNA?)
O=P-O
Phosphate
Group N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(ribose)
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36. A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide
Practice Question 1
A protein that regulates chemical reactions in cells is —
A. an enzyme
B. an amino acid
C. a fatty acid
D. a nucleotide

37. A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide
Practice Question 1
A protein that regulates chemical reactions in cells is —
A. an enzyme
B. an amino acid
C. a fatty acid
D. a nucleotide

38. Practice Question 2
The cell wall of almost all kingdoms is made from a strong carbohydrate of hundreds to thousands of monomers. Which of the following is the carbohydrate found in Kingdom Plantae?
Chitin
Peptidoglycan
Cellulose
Apotosis

39. Practice Question 2
The cell wall of almost all kingdoms is made from a strong carbohydrate of hundreds to thousands of monomers. Which of the following is the carbohydrate found in Kingdom Plantae?
Chitin
Peptidoglycan
Cellulose
Apoptosis

40. Practice Question 3
Which of these is a series of units composed of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases?
Amino acids
ATP molecules
Carbohydrates
DNA molecules

41. Practice Question 3
Which of these is a series of units composed of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases?
Amino acids
ATP molecules
Carbohydrates
DNA molecules (nucleotides)

42. Practice Question 4
Before hibernation, a bear must store large amounts of extra energy. Which type of macromolecule can store a large supply of energy that the bear will use over a period of several months?
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

43. Practice Question 4
Before hibernation, a bear must store large amounts of extra energy. Which type of macromolecule can store a large supply of energy that the bear will use over a period of several months?
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

44. More Practice Questions
For more practice problems, please visit the following link: