1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Chapter 2 Section 3

2. Organic Compounds made of carbon atoms (with hydrogen and oxygen)
most molecules with carbon are organic
exception: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
Carbon has 4 valence electrons so readily forms 4 covalent bonds

3. Organic Compounds

4. CARBOHYDRATES COMPOSED OF : Functions: C, H, O in ratio of: 1:2:1
*Energy Source
Simple carbohydrates
Energy storage
Complex carbohydrates
Structural materials
Cell surface markers

5. Carbohydrates exist as:
SIMPLE
MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES
SUCROSE
glucose & fructose
MALTOSE
glucose & glucose
LACTOSE
glucose & galactose
COMPLEX
POLYSACCHARIDES
Made of 3 or more monosaccharides
ANIMALS: GLYCOGEN
LIVER
PLANTS: STARCH
CELLULOSE (wood)

6. GLUCOSE

7. GLYCOGEN

8. CELLULOSE

10. PROTEINS are large organic molecules (polymers) composed mainly of :
C, H, O, N (a little S)
Building blocks (m0n0mers) are AMINO ACIDS
ALL SHARE SAME BASIC STRUCTURE

11. Amino Acids
Side Groups:
Provide different shape
Polar or Nonpolar

12. Functions of Proteins Structural Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
Hair, nails, hooves
Transport Proteins
Carry molecules through blood that otherwise would not be soluble in blood
Carry ions or molecules across membranes
Enzymes
Catalyze all chemical reactions in body
Specific to a single chemical reaction
Muscles
actin, myosin in all 3 muscle types

13. Peptide Bonds
Form when 2 amino acids join in a synthesis reaction (condensation)

14. Types of Proteins Dipeptides Polypeptides A + B  AB
Long chains of amino acids
In large proteins 2 to 4 polypeptide chains fold together
Interact through hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges

15. Protein Shape Determines function Influenced by: Temperature pH
Solvent

17. Lipids hydrophobic C H O NOT a polymer
long chains of carbon – carbon bonds with hydrogen; oxygen at end of molecule called fatty acids
hydrophobic

18. LIPIDS are large, nonpolar organic molecules include: Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Pigments

19. Functions of Lipids
NRG storage
insulation
waterproofing
protection
hormones
cell membranes

20. Fatty Acids Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
one end has a carboxyl group so is hydrophilic
other end is hydrocarbon so is hydrophobic
Saturated Fatty Acids
each C has only single covalent bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
some C atoms have double covalent bonds which put kinks in the chain

21. Fatty Acids

22. Triglycerides
composed of 3 molecules of fatty acid joined to 1 molecule of glycerol
high melting points (solids at room temperature)
butter, fat in red meat

23. Phospholipids
have 2 fatty acid chains attached to a molecule of glycerol
plus a phosphate group attached to the 3rd carbon in glycerol
makes up most of cell membrane in a lipid bilayer
are nonpolar so keeps most polar substances from crossing membrane

24. Waxes are a structural lipid
made of long fatty acid chain with a long alcohol chain
are waterproof so act as protective layer in plants & animals

25. Steroids
composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached
includes many hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Adrenal hormones

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS very large, complex organic molecules (polymer)
subunit: nucleotides (monomers)
C H O N P
function:
store & transfer genetic information
examples:
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic code
essential for making proteins
RNA: ribonucleic acid
protein synthesis

27. Nucleotides 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group (- charge)
RNA: ribose
DNA: deoxyribose
Phosphate group (- charge)
Nitrogenous base

28. NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

29. ATP adenosine triphosphate NRG molecule of cells
3 phosphate groups added to adenosine (a nitrogenous base)
bond between 2nd & 3rd high NRG