1. Indigenous Policing in Canada: Challenges and Possibilities
Nicholas (Nick) Jones, Ph.D.
First Nations Police Governance Council
Winnipeg, MB: August 07, 2018

2. Presentation Overview
My Journey
Indigenous Policing – Background
Indigenous and Euro-Canadian Perspectives of Justice
Restorative Justice
A Holistic Policing Paradigm / Model
Restorative Policing
Some Concluding Thoughts

3. My Journey – How I came to research Indigenous Policing in Canada
Adjudicating the Perpetrators of Genocide – Doctoral research in Rwanda
Move to SK
Student project
Hallway/ Coffee Conversation

4. Indigenous Policing in Canada … recognizing its importance
Very small proportion of all Canadian officers directly involved in Aboriginal policing (<3%).
Canada’s colonial history
FNPP –culturally appropriate and professional policing
“Real” : “being deeply rooted in Aboriginal identity and cultural life are crucial prerequisitesto culturally appropriate policing” (Alderson-Gill, 2008, p. 64)
“Professional” : considers that sensitivity training and policing strategies (e.g., visibility) along with acting professionally are crucial factors.” (Alderson-Gill, 2008, p. 64)

5. Indigenous and Euro-Canadian Perspectives of Justice
Euro-Canadian Principles of Law and Justice
Indigenous Principles of Law and Justice
Crime is a violation of the State
Crime is a violation of one person by another and harms relationships
The focus is on establishing guilt
The focus is on problem-solving and restoration of harmony and balance within the community
Offences are strictly legal and devoid of moral, social, or political and economic situations
The holistic context of the an offence is taken into consideration
The offender is a passive actor in the criminal justice process
The offender is an active participant in the process
Offender accountability is achieved through punishment
Offender accountability is achieved with the offender realizing the effect of their actions and taking steps to repair the harm caused
Remorse, restitution, and forgiveness are not important factors
Remorse, repentance, and forgiveness are important factors
Social stigma of criminal behaviour is almost impossible to get rid of
Social stigma of criminal behaviour can be gotten rid of through making amends and changed behaviour
The community does not play a leading role in the justice process
The community acts a facilitator in the justice process
Healing the victim, the offender, and the community is a peripheral concern
Healing the victim, the offender, and the community is a central concern
Adapted from Cawsey (1991)

6. Restorative Justice Definition
Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behaviour. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders (Van Ness & Strong, 2010, p. 44)
Principles
Principle 1: Justice requires that we work to heal victims, offenders, and communities injured by crime
Principle 2: Victims, offenders, and communities should have the opportunity for active involvement in the justice process as early and as fully as they wish
Principle 3: We must rethink the relative roles and responsibilities of government and community: In promoting justice, government is responsible for preserving a just order and the community is responsible for establishing a just peace.

7. Current Community Safety Challenges
Effects of Current Judicial Sanctions
Current Policing Shortcomings
Tradition and Culture
Traditional Justice and Public Safety
Traditional Sanctions
Spirituality
Culture and Language
Holistic Approach to Justice
Healing
Harmony and Balance
Helping
Relevance of History
Social Changes
Historic Public Safety Challenges
Treaty Implications
Importance of Relationships
Police-Community Relationship
Respect
Understanding
Family
Roles and Responsibilities
Elders
Leadership
Community
Government Control
Conceptions of Policing
Security
Self-Policing
Integration

8. Policing in Indigenous Communities: Community Perspectives
Community Safety Issues
Tradition and Culture
The Relevance of History
Importance of Relationships
Roles and Responsibilities
A Holistic Approach to Justice
Conceptions of Policing

9. Restorative Policing
Policing based on relational equality, rooted in community well-being
Three required changes (Bazemore & Griffiths, 2003)
Mechanisms of Change (Clamp & Paterson, 2017)

10. Concluding Thoughts This suggests the need for a paradigmatic shift
Policing that facilitates building community capacity based on interdependence, and community member participation
It must have all the requisite support