1. How do regional and global trade networks impact world cultures?
AIM:
How do regional and global trade networks impact world cultures?
Focus Activity:
Take a packet from the front desk.
Begin on the Focus Activity on page 3.

2. Roman Empire

5. When the Western Roman empire collapsed, the eastern half continued.
The term “Byzantine Empire” wasn’t coined to refer to the Eastern Empire until 1557, and wasn’t widely used until the 1800s.
Citizens continued to refer to themselves as “Romans.”
Emperors built land and sea walls to add to its defenses. These were considered the most formidable in the post-Classical world.
Its location made it one of the most favorable cities for trade between Europe and Asia.
Constantinople had an excellent harbor, guarded by water on three sides.

6. FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
In 476 CE, the last Roman emperor in the West was displaced by Odoacer, who declared himself the first king of Italy. This change signified the end of Western Rome.
What was the reasoning for this?
Because protecting the vast borders of the empire was a logistical nightmare, the Roman government found it easier to pay off the Germanic tribes in exchange for an end to their raids along border towns.
Corruption had led to the Roman legions of the later empire lacking the discipline and training of past Roman armies, so to meet its need for soldiers, Rome hired mercenaries- foreign soldiers who served for pay- to defend Rome’s borders. Many of these mercenaries felt little to no loyalty to Rome, or what it meant to be “Roman.”

9. FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
In 476 CE, the last Roman emperor in the West was displaced by Odoacer, who declared himself the first king of Italy. This change signified the end of Western Rome. What was the reasoning for this?
The Huns were a nomadic tribe that lived in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, led by Attila the Hun, who was known by Christians as “The Scourge of the Earth.” After uniting the Huns under his leadership, Attila and his men moved farther and farther west, displacing the Germanic tribes that lived there and forcing them into Roman territory.
These Germanic peoples were often treated poorly or killed by the Romans, who referred to them as barbarians and “uncivilized.”
Germanic tribes began to retaliate and managed to defeat two-thirds of the once mighty Western Roman army. This was significant because it inspired courage for other Germanic tribes to attack Western Rome. until it was eventually sacked for good.
A period of political order and unity was shattered and replaced by crude, regional Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe. The only vital force in this region was not Roman tradition, but the continual spread of Christianity.

10. THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN (527-565)

11. THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN (527-565)
Mosaics: Pictures or decorations made of small, usually colored pieces of stone or glass.

12. THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN
( )
Major theme of Justinian:
Continuing the legacy of Rome.

13. THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN (527-565)
Empire reached its greatest size under Emperor Justinian
He was an autocrat – single ruler with complete authority
He was viewed as the extension of the power of the Christian God on earth.
Had a large bureaucracy to carry out orders
Taxes from trade and productions within Byzantine cities enabled him to maintain a strong military and keep power.
Achieved his goals with the help of his wife, Theodora.

14. JUSTINIAN’S CODE
Collection included laws passed by Roman emperors, legal writings of Roman judges, and a handbook for students. Regulated Byzantine life
Preserved and transmitted the heritage of Roman law & Greek ideas
Outlawed pagan practices
Numerous provisions served to secure the status of Christianity as the state religion of the empire, uniting Church and state.
The very first law of the Corpus Juris Civilis required all persons of the empire to hold the Christian faith. Anyone who was not connected to the Christian church was a non- citizen.

16. THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN CON’T…
Emperor Justinian launched a program to beautify Constantinople.
Hagia Sophia: A church, considered to be one of the greatest architectural accomplishments. Means “Holy Wisdom”
What characteristics represent continuities from the “old” Roman Empire?

17. Summary Question:
Based on today’s lesson, to what extent could the Age of Justinian be considered a “Golden Age?”

18. AIM: CAN RELIGIONS SURVIVE WITH DIFFERENCES
AIM: CAN RELIGIONS SURVIVE WITH DIFFERENCES? Focus Activity Review of yesterday: Select one leader who we’ve learned about to compare to Justinian. Explain your comparison with specific reasoning. To what extent can the Age of Justinian be considered a Golden Age?
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20. DISPUTE OVER CHRISTIANITY
Two branches of Christianity grew apart over the leadership and supreme power of the Church.
The ban set off battles within the empire.
The pope excommunicated, or cut off, the Byzantine emperor and Patriarch of Constantinople.

21. THE GREAT SCHISM
In 1054, other controversies regarding doctrines and ceremonies provoked a permanent schism, or permanent split, between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic (Latin) Churches.
The pope and the patriarch, or highest church official, excommunicated each other.
Both branches of Christianity became rivals.

22. Orthodox
Roman

23. Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Services were conducted in Latin.
The pope has authority over all other bishops.
Pope claims authority over all emperors.
Priests may not marry.
Services were conducted in Greek or local languages.
The patriarch and other bishops head the Church as a group.
The emperor claimed authority over the patriarch and bishops.
Priest may marry.
They base their faith on the Gospels of Jesus and the Bible.
They use sacraments such as Baptism.
Their religious leaders are priests and bishops.

26. The Hagia Sophia, Church of Christ the Saviour, Moscow, Russia
Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
Church of Christ the Saviour, Moscow, Russia

27. St. Basil’s Cathedral,
Moscow, Russia

28. Fall of the Byzantine Empire
Emperor Justinian died in 565.
Foreign invasions
Bubonic plague hurt population
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and territory became a center for Muslim culture.
Today it is the city of Istanbul in modern day Turkey.

29. CONCLUSIONS
Why is the Byzantine empire considered to contain a blend of cultures?
While watching the following video clip, write down two answers to this question.
Emperor Justinian
The Byzantine Empire: Blend of Cultures