1. BISC 224 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
West Ouachita High School
BISC 224 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Success Tips… Hole’s 13th Edition Text has available:
Text Website
Know how to use the text… pages
Read the text BEFORE class!! 2

3. 1.1: Introduction
By observing the world around them, then asking questions and seeking answers, ______________ was developed.
_____ and _______ predate modern medications.
_____ and _____ words formed the basis of A&P.
The _____________ is used to investigate the natural world.
Science can’t lead us to all the answers but does help eliminate the ______ answers.

4. “The complementary of structure and function.”
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Physiology
For example: powerful, muscular heart walls propel blood into the blood vessels.
“The complementary of structure and function.”

5. 1.3: Levels of Organization (Define all)
Subatomic Particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

6. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

7. 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) (Define all)
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion

8. Characteristics of Life Continued
Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

9. 1.5: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

10. * __________ of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis*
* __________ of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:
Receptor -
Control Center -
Effector -

11. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

12. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.

13. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

14. Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback
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15. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)

16. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Visceral layer –
Parietal layer –
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

17. Serous Membranes
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Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Right kidney
Aorta
Aorta
Left
kidney
Left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Esophagus
Pancreas
Spleen
Right lung
Rib
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Right atrium
of heart
Liver
Large intestine
Left ventricle
of heart
Rib
Right ventricle
of heart
Gallbladder
Visceral pleura
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Sternum
Parietal pericardium
Parietal peritoneum
Fibrous pericardium

18. Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system
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Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system

19. Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system
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Nervous system
Endocrine system

20. Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
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Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system

21. Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
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Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system

22. Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
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Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system

23. 1.7: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position
Integumentary system

24. Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position) (Define all):
Superior/Inferior
Anterior or ventral/ Posterior or dorsal
Medial/Lateral
Bilateral
Ipsilateral/ Contralateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial /Deep

25. Body Sections or Planes (Define all)
Sagittal
Mid-sagittal/Median
Transverse or Horizontal
Coronal or Frontal

26. Body Sections NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along the median plane
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane

27. Body Sections
(a)
(b)
(c)

28. Cylindrical Organ Oblique section Cross-section (a) (b) (c)
Longitudinal
section
(a)
(b)
(c)

29. Abdominal Subdivisions
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region

30. Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital
(back of head)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg) T
arsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(a)
(b)

31. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
Give examples of metabolism.

32. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

33. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.