1. Understanding Student Learning
Chapter 6

2. Student needs affecting learning
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Belongingness and affection
Self-respect
Self-actualization

3. Social Acceptance needs
Misbehavior leading to a downward spiral
1. attention seeking
2. exerting power over others (bullying)
3. seeking revenge
4. engaging in displays of inadequacy (giving up)

4. Meeting students’ needs
Extra time
Learn about hobbies and interests, give positive feedback for extracurriculars
Classroom environment of comfort, without fear of put down or rejection
Student choice in learning activities (some)
Student responsibilities to increase involvement
Use the school counselor
Identify community resources

5. Factors influencing learning
Internal factors (come from the individual) developmental theories, developmental norms, learning styles
External factors (come from outside the individual) learning theories, social learning theory

6. Developmental Theories
Jean Piaget: sensorimotor intelligence (birth to 2), preoperational intelligence (2-7), concrete operations (7-12), formal operations (13-on)
Erik Erikson: trust vs. mistrust (birth-1), autonomy vs. shame (1-3), initiative vs. guilt (3-5), industry vs. inferiority (6-12), identity vs. confusion (13-19), intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), generativity vs. stagnation (mature adult), integrity vs. despair (older age)

7. Learning Styles
Sensory modality preference: auditory, visual, touching and moving objects
Field dependence-independence: dependent tend to think more global, independent more analytical
Categorization style: what objects are similar to others…functions, attributes, categories
Cognitive tempo: quickly responding vs. reflecting

8. Behavioral learning
Positive reinforcement: positive time with kids, treats, praise, smiles and hugs
Punishment: verbal warnings, removing student from the group, “paying back”
Ignoring: no verbal or nonverbal responses to a student engaged in inappropriate behavior

9. Social learning
Vicarious learning: much of human learning occurs indirectly…watching others
Modeling…modeling tends to be an informal expression of attitudes and skills taken in by the observer through repeated exposure to the model

10. Assessment Tests Informal observations Formal observations
Written responses
Oral responses
Self-reports
portfolios