1. Do Now Activity #1
List as many anatomical parts of the male reproductive system that you know.
List as many anatomical parts of the female reproductive system that you know.
List as many of the hormones that regulate the female reproductive system that you know.

2. Do Now Activity #2 What is the function of the male urethra?
What are the male gonads called? What do they produce?
What are the 3 male reproductive gland & their functions?

3. Do Now Activity #3 What are the female sex hormones?
What are the primary female reproductive organs called? What do they produce?
Which 3 events make up the Ovarian Cycle?

4. Do Now Activity #4
Describe the 3 events that make up the Ovarian Cycle with DETAIL.
Describe what is happening to the woman’s body during menopause. Why does this not happen in men?
What is the difference between the Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles?

5. chapter 27: The reproductive System
Essential Question:
Compare and contrast the similarities/differences between the male & female reproductive system.
chapter 27: The reproductive System
Learning Targets
Identify structure and function of 3 types of muscle tissue.
Identify the functional characteristics of muscle tissue.
List the functions of muscle
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle

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7. Overview: The Reproductive System
The primary sex organs (gonads) in the reproductive system are: testes in males, ovaries in females.
Gonads produce sex cells called gametes and secrete sex hormones.

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9. Overview: The Male Reproductive Anatomy
The male gonads (testes) produce sperm and lie within the scrotum (which regulates testes temperature).
Sperm are delivered to the exterior through a system of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra.
Accessory sex glands:
These glands empty their secretions/fluids into the ducts during ejaculation.
These glands include: the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

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11. Male Glands
Seminal Vesicle: secretes fluid that contains sugar and Vitamin C.
Prostate gland: secretes fluid that contains citric acid and enzymes.
Bulbourethral gland: secretes fluid that contains mucous that neutralizes urine.

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13. The epididymis stores sperm.

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15. The Penis
The penis is a sex organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.

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17. Ductus Deferens/Vas deferens & Ejaculatory Duct
Propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
Vasectomy: cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control.

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19. The Urethra This conveys (moves) both urine and semen.
This happens at different times!

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21. Overview: The Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs.
The ovaries make female gametes (ova).
They also secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

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23. The Ovaries The ovaries produce egg cells (ova).
Females are born with immature eggs called follicles.
Ovulation: the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle.
Corpus Luteum: the ruptured follicle after ovulation.

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25. Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) & Oviducts
The fallopian tubes receive the ovulated oocyte (egg) and provide a site for fertilization.
The structure ends in the funnel-shaped, fingerlike projections called fimbriae that receive the egg.

26. The Uterus
The uterus provides a site for the attachment of a fertilized egg and developing embryo.
Cervix: the narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly.

27. The Uterine Wall The uterine wall is composed of three layers.
Endometrium: the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity.

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29. The Vagina
The vagina provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation (sex).

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31. The Ovarian Cycle
The Ovarian Cycle is the monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg.
Follicular Phase: period of follicle growth (days 1–14)
Ovulation occurs mid-cycle
Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)

32. Follicular Phase
The primordial follicle, directed by the oocyte, becomes a primary follicle.
Primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle.
The secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle.
The full size follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from the external surface of the ovary.
The primary oocyte completes meiosis I, and the stage is set for ovulation.

33. Ovulation
Ovulation occurs when the ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte.
Mittelschmerz: a twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in fraternal twins.
This occurs when the hormone LH reaches its highest concentration.

34. Luteal Phase
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and the corpus luteum forms.
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days, leaving a scar (corpus albicans).
If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over that role (at about 3 months).

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36. Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle
Day 1: GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH.
FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release.
Rising estrogen levels:
Inhibit the release of FSH and LH
Estrogen levels increase and have a positive feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of LH.

37. Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle
The LH spikes on Day 14: this triggers ovulation.
LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, and estrogen.

38. Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle
Estrogen and progesterone hormones shut off FSH and LH.
Days 26-28: decline of the ovarian hormones.
Ends the blockade of FSH and LH
The cycle starts anew

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40. Menstrual Cycle
The cycle that prepares an egg and the uterus for possible fertilization
It is controlled by hormones

41. Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle
The menstrual cycle is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones.
Days 1-5: Menstrual phase – uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium
Days 6-14: Proliferative phase – endometrium rebuilds itself
Days 15-28: Secretory phase – endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo

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43. Menopause During menopause ovulation and menses cease entirely.
Without sufficient estrogen, reproductive organs and breasts atrophy
Irritability and depression result
Skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation (hot flashes occur)
Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss
Males have no equivalent to menopause