1. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions
What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

3. Understand the functions of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

4. Functions of the digestive system
Mouth (buccal cavity)
What digestive system functions occur in the mouth?
physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

5. Functions of the digestive system
Tongue
What is the digestive system function of the tongue?
Sense of taste, assists in chewing and swallowing
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

6. Functions of the digestive system
Teeth
Define mastication.
Thorough chewing of food
How is the tooth’s shape related to its function?
Incisors-sharp/biting
Cuspids-sharp & pointed/biting & tearing
Bicuspids-ridges/grinding
Molars-ridges/crushing & tearing
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

7. Functions of the digestive system
Salivary glands
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Secrete saliva & enzymes
What chemical action takes place in the mouth as a result?
Begin breakdown of food
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

8. Functions of the digestive system
What are the functions of these oral cavity structures?
Palate-
assists in swallowing
Uvula-
during swallowing, prevents food from entering nasal cavity
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

9. Functions of the digestive system
Pharynx
What does the pharynx do?
Serves as a Passageway for air and food
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

10. Functions of the digestive system
Esophagus
What does the esophagus do?
Passageway for food/liquid to stomach
Located behind the trachea
What is its relevance to your health?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

11. Functions of the digestive system
Stomach
What are the functions of the stomach?
Digestion of food
What chemicals are released there? (next slide)
What is the stomach ph level?
0-7, depending on type of food in the stomach
How long does it take for the stomach to empty?
2-4 hrs

12. Functions of the digestive system
Gastric juices- approx. 2-3 qts produced daily
Enteroendocrine glands
Secrete gastrin, to stimulate cells to produce HCL & pepsinogen
Parietal cells
Produces HCL (hydrochloric acid), converts pepsinogen into pepsin, and intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption of vit B12 in the small intestines) (pernicious anemia)
Chief type cells
Produces pepsinogen, breaks down protein into smaller pieces protease & peptone
Mucus cells
Secretes alkaline mucus, neutralizes HCL
Rennin- infants & children, breaks milk proteins.
(curdled milk) Adults do not have it.

13. Functions of the digestive system
Small Intestine
What digestive process occurs here?
Completion of digestion by changing carbs into starch/glucose, protein into amino acids, fats to fatty acids/glycerol , and absorption
What are villi?
What is the relevance to your health?

14. Functions of the digestive system
Pancreas
What digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
Protease proteins
Amylase ---> starches/glucose
Lipase fats
What’s common about these enzyme names?
What is their function? (above)
What other system does the Pancreas function in?

15. Functions of the digestive system
Liver
What are the functions of the liver?
Produce bile, produce & store glycogen, detoxify, manufacture blood proteins fibrinogen & prothrombin, albumin, globulin, prepare urea (breakdown of proteins), store vits- A & D, B complex, remove worn out RBC’s from circulation and recycle iron content.
What is the function of
Bile->digests fat
Glycogen->body processes
What vitamin is produced by the liver? Why is it important?

16. Functions of the digestive system
Gallbladder
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile, which is necessary for fat digestion.
Sits inferior to the liver
Why is this function important?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

17. Functions of the digestive system
Large intestine (colon)
What are the functions of the large intestines? H2O absorption, bacteria action, fecal formation, gas formation & defacation
What is its relevance to health?
What type of diet promotes colon health?
High Fiber
What is the semi-solid liquid secreted
from the ileum through the ileoceccal valve
called that enters the large intestine?

18. colon
The Ileum empties semi-liquid food called Chyme, into the colon thru the Ileocecal valve. Just below the ileocecal valve is the Cecum.
The appendix is attached to the cecum .
Ascending-right side of body Transverse- across the abdominal cavity Descending- left side of body
Sigmoid- “S” shaped in the pelvic cavity Rectum- opens into the anus
Anus- contains 2 sphincters (1 smooth & 1 skeletal)

19. Processes in the colon Absorption- water
Bacterial action- “normal flora”, nonpathogenic to host
Gas formation- 1-3 pints/day, odor comes from bacteria/breakdown of foods
Fecal formation- bacteria, wastes from blood, acids salts, gases, mucus & cellulose
Defecation- when rectum becomes distended with the accumulation of feces, reflex is triggered.

20. Understand the functions of the digestive system
Discuss the processes of digestion and their relevance to health.
Chemical
Physical
Absorption
Elimination
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

21. Functions of the digestive system
Potty Trivia...
What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?
Color, odor
Consistency
Shape,frequency
On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day?
(1-3 pints)
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

22. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Act of Digestion
Discuss each action of the digestive system…
Ingestion
Mastication
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

23. Functions of the digestive system
Check your knowledge…
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

24. Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia
Decreased or poor appetite. Anyone can have this, esp. in acute illnesses
Symptom of
other disease
or disorder
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorder
Most often in young girls/women, many times sexual abuse
“loss of control” VS

25. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
BULLEMIA:
an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting.
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

26. Disorders of the digestive system
Caries
What is another name for caries?
What are caries?
Can you identify
preventive measures?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

27. Disorders of the digestive system
Chole-cyst-itis
What is chole cyst itis? Inflammation of the gallbladder. Can block cystic duct that would inhibit the release of bile
Cholelithiasis-”Gallstones”
What are the symptoms? Pain after eating
How is it treated? surgically

28. Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
What is cleft palate?
What is its impact on health?
Who most commonly has this condition?
What specialist(s) should be
consulted to correct a cleft palates?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

29. Disorders of the digestive system
Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis? Chronic progressive inflammatory dz. Normal tissue is replaced with fibrous connective tissue.
What are the symptoms? Fatigue, weakness, nausea, wt. loss, itchy skin, abd. pain, spider angiomas. Edema & ascites, bruising, bleeding,jaundice, varices
(Cx’d. ETOH, / tx. transplant)

30. Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation
What is constipation? Delayed defacation
What are some causes? Too much H2O absorption in the colon, anxiety, meds
What is obstipation? Severe or obstructed constipation
Prevention??

31. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Diarrhea
Define diarrhea- Loose watery & frequent BM’s
What causes it? Inflammation, bacteria, toxins, poor diet, anxiety
What are the effects on your health? Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, wt. loss

32. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Gastroenteritis What is gastro enter itis? What causes it? Bacteria, virus, acidic foods/liquids What healthcare professional would you see for treatment?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

33. Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
What are some common causes of GERD?
Smoking, coffee, caffeine, chocolate, citrus fruits & juices, fried fatty foods, tomato products, pregnancy,
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

34. Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis
Acute or Chronic
Hepatitis A- viral, (food H2O) Restaurants B- Hep B virus found only in blood
C- Hep C virus, IV drug use
D- coinfection w/B
E- intestinal excretions
What are some common symptoms of hepatitis?
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?

35. Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS or IBD)
Define irritable bowel syndrome Chronic diarrhea, (may be intermittant) EX:Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis Autoimmune Disorder
Discuss how will treatments relate to:
Lifestyle
Diet
Medication

36. Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer
What is a peptic ulcer? sore or lesion in the mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum
What are some types? Gastric & Duodenal
What causes it? H. Pylori (helicobacter) ABX
Other cx’s- H2 blockers

37. Other disorders- Define, signs/symptoms
Pyloric Stenosis
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis
Diverticulosis
Hemmorrhoids
Colon Cancer
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

38. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

39. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Vitamins
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water soluble
Vitamins C, B
Electrolytes
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
What roles do electrolytes
and vitamins play in
the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

40. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions
What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system