1. Grammar-Translation Method (1890s-1930s)
Cognitive Approach (1940s-1950s):
Audio-Lingüal Method (1950s-1960s):
The Direct Method (1970s):
The Natural/Communicative Approach (1960s-2000s):
Total Physical Response/TPR (1960s-2000s):

2. THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION (1850’s-1950’s)
“What is taught is learned”
Medium of instruction: mother tongue
Emphasis on reading & writing

3. What are the goals?
What is the role of the teacher and student?
What are the characteristics of the teaching/
learning process?

4. What is the nature of student-teacher/student- student interaction?
How is the language viewed?
What areas of language are emphasized?/
what language skills are emphasized?

5. What is the role of the students’ native language?
How does the teacher respond to student errors?