1. Rise of Dictators`
WHII.11c

2. New Governments
Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

3. U.S.S.R. During the Interwar Period

4. Entrenchment of Communism
A communist dictatorship was established by
Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin
in the Soviet Union.
Stalin became dictator after Lenin’s death
Planned to create a PERFECT communist state
Then…..transform it into a TOTALITARIAN state
Government takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life

5. Stalin’s Policies Secret Police
Stalin created a “police state” to maintain power (secret police)
Stalin’s secret police (KGB) monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers
Even children told authorities disloyal remarks they heard at home
Families lived in FEAR

6. Stalin’s Policies The Great Purge Launched 1937
A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin’s power
Stalin was responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths and won TOTAL control of the Soviet state

8. Stalin’s Policies Five-Year Plan Stalin’s plan to:
Stimulate and develop the economy into an Industrial Revolution (state industrialization)
Set high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity
Meanwhile lowering the production of consumer goods
severe shortages of housing, food, clothing
Didn’t reach his goals, but the USSR made substantial gains

9. Collectivization of Farms
Stalin’s Policies
Collectivization of Farms
1928 Government began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms
Created COLLECTIVE FARMS from seized property
Large government owned farms
Produced food for the state
Operated like factories
Eliminated any protestors

10. How Stalin came to Power
Joseph Stalin (Recap)
How Stalin came to Power
Entrenchment of Communism
Five-Year Plan
Collectivization of Farms
State Industrialization
Secret Police
Great Purge

11. Joseph Stalin
By the 1930s, Stalin had forcibly transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime and an industrial power
He stood unopposed as dictator
He didn’t tolerate creativity and saw it as a threat to conformity and obedience that he required
He ushered a period of total social control and rule by terror

12. A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

13. Italy During the Interwar Period

14. Rise of Fascism
People lost faith in democracies after the Great Depression
Began to turn to an extreme system of government—Fascism
EXTREME form of Nationalism
Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore order and national pride
Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its rulers

15. Benito Mussolini Founded Fascist Party in 1919
Promised to rescue Italy by reviving economy and rebuilding armed forces
His followers wore BLACK SHIRTS
On October 22, 1922, Mussolini and his supporters forced King Victory Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge
King granted Mussolini’s demand without any fuss!!!

16. Benito Mussolini Known as Il Duce (leader)
Abolished democracy and outlawed all other political parties
Used secret police to eliminate opponents
***Mussolini planned to recreate the glory of the old Roman Empire***
Ambition: Restore glory of Rome!!!
First BIG act – Invasion of Ethiopia

17. Benito Mussolini (Recap)
How Mussolini came to Power
Rise of Fascism
Ambition to restore the glory of Rome
Invasion of Ethiopia

18. Japan During the Interwar Period

19. Japan 1920s: Japan= “democratic” nations
Signed a treaty respecting Chinas borders
1928: signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Renounced war
As long as everything stayed peaceful and prosperous, the civilian government kept power

20. Rise of Militarism
Great Depression= civilians blaming democratic government for problems!!!
Allowed military leaders to gain control of the government
Emperor became SYMBOL of state power
Where have we seen this before?
Emperor= Hirohito
Military Leader= Hideki Tojo

21. Hirohito
Tojo

22. Japan Industrial Revolution
During this time Japan was experiencing industrialization
Led to need for more raw materials
How did they plan to get them???
EXPAND and INVADE
BUT, what would this go against?
Does it matter?

23. Japan Expands Military leaders focused on NATIONALISM
Promised to help the economy by expanding borders
So….Japan invaded:
Manchuria
Attacked, won, set up a puppet government
First direct challenge to the League of Nations
China
A border dispute in 1937 started a war with China
Northern China fell to the Japanese
Korea

25. Hirohito and Tojo (Recap)
How Tojo came to Power
Japan’s government was ruled by its military
Glorified military and its power
AKA – Militarism
In order to restore the economy, Japan will try to industrialize
Led to need for raw materials so….
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

26. Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

27. Germany During the Interwar Period

28. Inflation and Depression in Germany
To pay for wartime debt (reparations), Germany printed more money!!
Effect: Inflation
Money lost its value
Germany printed even more money to finance their reparations
Ex: In Berlin, a loaf of bread cost less than a mark in 1918, more than 160 marks in 1922, and 200 billion marks by 1923
Caused Germans to really question the Weimer Republic
Hitler uses these problems to manipulate and infuriate the German people & take control!!!

30. Attempt to Change
Germany was somewhat able to recover due to the efforts of Charles Dawes, an American Banker
Dawes Plan
$200 million dollar loan from American banks to stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy
Set a more realistic schedule for Germany’s reparation payments
Loan helped to attract more loans and investments as well as slow inflation

31. Rise of Nazism
Simultaneously, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were taking control in different parts of Europe
1919: Munich, Germany—Hitler joined a small, right-wing political group
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
NAZI

32. Rise of Nazism Believed: Nazi’s named Hitler LEADER
Treaty of Versailles should be overturned
Needed to stop communism
Set up a private militia called the storm troopers or brown shirts
Nazi’s named Hitler LEADER
Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome
Wanted to do same in Munich
Arrested for treason and sentenced 5 years in prison (served 9 months!)

33. Adolf Hitler During his stay in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf
Means: My Struggle
Set forth beliefs and goals for Germany
Believed “Aryans” were a “master race”
Other races were inferior
Also believed Germans needed more lebensraum
More living space
Promised to get that space by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia

34. Rise of Hitler 1932: Nazi’s= Largest political power
After being named Chancellor:
Hitler made Germany a totalitarian state
Controlled every aspect of public and private life
Used the press, literature, propaganda, etc. to glorify himself and the Nazis
Burned books that did not conform to Nazi beliefs
Warned the church officials to not criticize Nazis
The Gestapo (secret police) will also help and shock German citizens into total submission
Nazis took COMPLETE control over the economy (Hitler put millions of people to work—highways, weapons, military)

35. War on the Jews Anti-Semitism
Hatred of Jews was a key part of Hitler’s ideology
Nazis used them as scapegoats for all Germany’s troubles since WWI
Hitler blamed them for the Great Depression
1933: Nazis began passing laws depriving Jews of most of their rights

36. German Occupation
Hitler is ready to get his lebensraum (living space) and take back German territory
1st disregard for the treaty – Germany mobilized and built up its army
League only issues a mild condemnation
2nd On March 7, 1936, Germany invaded the Rhineland that served as a buffer between them and France
Still France and Britain thought if they gave Hitler his way with this land, he would stop and be content

38. German Occupation
The German reoccupation of the Rhineland marked a turning point in the march toward war
Hitler gained confidence that conquering stuff would be so easy
He gained more support by his people in Germany
Balance of power shifted – France and Belgium were now open to attack

39. German Occupation
November 5, 1937: Hitler created Third Reich (German Empire)
He would absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia
Annexed Austria
Now looked to Czech. Where millions of Germans lived in the Sudetenland
Czech. asked for France’s help!
Violated Treaty of Versailles

40. How Hitler came to Power
Adolf Hitler (Recap)
How Hitler came to Power
Inflation and Depression
Democratic government weakened
Anti-Semitism
Extreme Nationalism
National Socialism (Nazism)
German occupation of nearby countries

41. The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.