1. hf]lvd d"Nof+sg Risk Assessment Shree Krishna Shrestha

2.  vt/f÷hf]lvd / To;af6 x'g] xfgL klxrfg ul/ pko'Qm pkfoaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ hf]lvd d"Nof+sg elgG5.  ;a} laefu, If]qaf6 la:t[lt cWoog ul/;s] kl5 dfq o:tf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lhnf] x'G5.  o; k|sf/sf] d"Nof+sg laleGg sfdx? h:t}M cUnf], ;f3F'/f] :yfgdf sfd ug{, nf]l8Ë÷cgnf]l8Ë, j]lN8Ë, ldl;g rnfpg], laleGg s]ldsn k|of]u ug]{ / To;af6 Aofr agfpg] cflb kb{5g\.

3. hf]lvd d"Nof+sgdf k|of]u x'g] s]xL zAbx? Hazard -xfgL jf vt/f_ – Hazard is the potential for harm (to property, life, health). “Anything that can cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.” Risk -hf]lvd_ - Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause harm. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration & frequency of exposure. Risk= probability of occurrence & severity to cause harm

4. Examples of Hazards

17. Activities/prod uct/processes xfgL (Hazard) hf]lvd (Risk) aflx/L efudf /flvPsf] dl§t]n tyf 6/k]G6fOg t]n e08f/0f ug]{ :yfg xfgLsf/s / k|Hhjnlzn kbfy{ ] Hjnglzn kbfy{ ePsf]n] cfunfuLsf] vt/f dl§t]n jf 6/k]G6fOg k|of]u :yfgdf j]lN8Ë ug‘{'k/]df k|Hhjnlzn kbfy{ cfunfuL x'g ;Sg] 6\ofÍ/df r9\g' kbf{ PPE gnufO{ r9]df v;]/ b'3{6gfv;]/ uDeL/ b'3{6gf x'g], d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf Jofr agfpg] :yfgs]ldsnaf6 x'g] xfgL s]ldsnaf6 Zjf; k|Zjf; k|s[of c;/, zl//sf] laleGg efudf c;/ h:t} lrnfpg], kf]Ng], hng x'g], cfFvfdf kg]{ ;Defjgf cflb

21. Welfare Facilities to remove a noisy machine from a quiet area. Redesign tools & equipment, or provide enclosures, guards or local exhausts for closing source of a hazard by job rotation or varying the time when a particular process is carried out

22. Examples of hazards/ Impacts on safety HazardRisk Electricity Electrocution Hot surface Burns Work at height Fall from height/injury Hazardous chemicals Chemical burns i.e. irritation Moving parts Trap injury, cut Noise Hearing loss Confined space Oxygen deprivation/asphyxiation Spillage of Oil & grease Slip, contamination to soil Dust Respiratory problem/suffocation

23. Probability – Likelihood that the particular hazard will result in damage at this location. Severity – An estimation of how serious the potential problem might be in terms of harm to people and/or damage to property. probability of occurrence and severity of effects Exposure - occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard. More the exposure, more the risk.

25. Risk ( hf]lvd ) = Probability ( ;+efjgf )× Severity ( si6tf jf u+eL/tf ) PointsProbability or Likelihood 1Unlikely (No History of Incident) 2Rarely 3Occasionally 4Frequently PointsSeverity or Consequence 1Insignificant(No Health Hazard) 2 Minor (Minor Health Hazard) 3Major ( May Cause Illness) 4Severe (Definite Illness) 5Critical (Possibility of Death) Insignificant (1)Minor(2)Major(3)Severe(4)Critical(5) Unlikely(1)1x1=11x2=21x3=31x4=41x5=5 Rarely(2)2x1=22x2=42x3=62x4=82x5=10 Occasionally(3)3x1=33x2=63x3=93x4=123x5=15 Frequently(4)4x1=44x2=84x3=124x4=164x5=20 The cells marked in bold have been identified as significant hazard.

27. Step 1: Identify the hazards Walk around our workplace & look at what could reasonably be expected to cause harm. Ask your employees or their representative what they think. They may have noticed things that are not immediately obvious to you Check manufacturers’ instructions or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in spelling out the hazards. Have a look back at your accident and ill-health records – these often help to identify the less obvious hazards. Remember to think about long-term hazards to health (e.g. high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards. Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how - through best way for managing the risk. Beside permanent employees, they may be cleaners, visitors, contractors, maintenance workers etc, who may not be in the workplace all the time; i.e. what type of injury or ill health might occur. Identify how they might be harmed, ie what type of injury or ill health might occur. For example, ‘loading/unloading may suffer back injury from repeated lifting of boxes’. -;w} nf]l8Ë÷cgnf]l8Ë ug]{ JolQmnfO{ 9f8 b'Vg] ;d:of x'g ;S5_

28. Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions o Having spotted the hazards, then have to decide what to do about them. It should be ‘reasonably practicable’ to protect people from harm. In asking yourself this, consider: Can I get rid of the hazard altogether? If not, how can I control the risks so that harm is unlikely? When controlling risks, apply the principles below, if possible in the following order: 1.try a less risky option (eg switch to using a less hazardous chemical); 2. prevent access to the hazard (eg by guarding); 3.organize work to reduce exposure to the hazard (eg put barriers between pedestrians and traffic); 4. Issue personal protective equipment (eg clothing, footwear, goggles etc); and 5. provide welfare facilities (eg first aid and washing facilities for removal of contamination).

29. Step 4: Record your findings & implement them When writing down your results, keep it simple, kmf]x/ hyfefjL /flvPsf] :yfgdf n8\g', 7f]lsg'M kmf]x/ /fVg] efF8f] pknAw u/fpg], ;/;kmfO{ af/] tflnd lbg], xKtfdf ;/;kmfO{ ;DalGw hfFr ug]{ cflb j]lN8Ë ubf{ wF'jfM j]lN8Ë ug]{ :yfgdf lrDgL ePsf]] jf v'Nnf, xfjf nfUg] 7fFp x'g' kg]{ / xfjfdf Uof;Fsf] dfqf hfrF ug{'kg]{ cflb Step 5: Review your risk assessment & update if necessary Remember to prioritize. Deal with those hazard that are high risk & have serious consequences.

30. जोखिम मूल्यांकन ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?  ;a} pTkfbgsf k|s[ofx? afx]s las|Lljt/0f tyf 9'jfgLnfO{ klg ;d]l6g' kb{5.  hf]lvd d"NofÍg ubf{ ;Ifd / k"0f{ hfgsf/L ePsf] l6d u7g ul/g' kb{5.  ;a} k|sf/sf xfgLx?nfO{ ltg ;DefJo sfdx? lgoldt b}lgs sfd, b}lgs gx'g] sfdx? / cfsl:ds sfdsf] ?kdf laefhg ubf{hf]lvd d"NofÍg ;lhnf] x'G5.  xfgLsf] klxrfg ubf{ ;|f]tsf] hfgsf/L ;lxt ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5. h:t}M lrKnLg' ÷7f]lsg'sf] sf/0f e'O{df n8\g', w'nf] ;kmf ubf{ df:s gnufPdf Zjf; k|Zjf;df c;/ x'g' cflb  hf]lvd d"NofÍgsf] nflu hf]lvd sd ug{ ckgfpg] lalw s|da¢ tl/sfn] ul/g' kb{5.

31. Simple model Consequence (severity) ( si6tf jf u+eL/tf ) on - – Fatality. – Major or serious injury (irreversible health damage) – Minor injury (reversible health damage) – Negligible injuries (first aid only) Likelihood (frequency) ( ;+efjgf ) on - – Very likely (say every week). – Likely (say once a month). – Unlikely (say once a year). – Highly unlikely (could happen, but rare).

32. Risk ( hf]lvd ) = Probability ( ;+efjgf )× Severity ( si6tf jf u+eL/tf ) PointsProbability or Likelihood 1Unlikely (No History of Incident) 2Rarely 3Occasionally 4Frequently PointsSeverity or Consequence 1Insignificant(No Health Hazard) 2 Minor (Minor Health Hazard) 3Major ( May Cause Illness) 4Severe (Definite Illness) 5Critical (Possibility of Death) Insignificant (1)Minor(2)Major(3)Severe(4)Critical(5) Unlikely(1)1x1=11x2=21x3=31x4=41x5=5 Rarely(2)2x1=22x2=42x3=62x4=82x5=10 Occasionally(3)3x1=33x2=63x3=93x4=123x5=15 Frequently(4)4x1=44x2=84x3=124x4=164x5=20 The cells marked in bold have been identified as significant hazard.

33. EHExtreme high risk – Immediate actions required to eliminate this risk HHigh risks – Unacceptable risk level. Actions are required to eliminate or reduce this risk level immediately MMedium risks – Risk controls are required LLow risks – Acceptable risk, controls may still be justified Weight age Probability Explanation Severity/Impact explanation 1RareSlight harmful – Skin irritation, dizziness, head ache, nuisance, temporary discomfort 2Once in a monthModerate harmful – Superficial burn, cuts & bruises, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dermatitis/irritation, fatigue 3Once in a weekHarmful – Serious body injury, fractures, burn, sprains, breathlessness, suffocation, heat stress, partial hearing block etc. 4Several times in a week Very harmful – Poisoning, asthma, deafness, ulceration of digestive tract, chronic diseases, major fractures, blindness 5Several times a dayCatastrophic – Death, Life shortening diseases, severe burn, fatal injuries Methodology for hazard identification & risk analysis 5HHEH 4HHH 3LLMM 2LLMMM 1LLLLL Severity Likelihood 12345 Risk acceptance criteria This is the guideline to decide the extent of risk that is acceptable or unacceptable for the situation being considered. This will be based on the following criteria:

35. Croner’s model – The Nomogram

38. Thank You