1. Dar al-Islam
Abode of Islam

2. 7th century Arabia
Trade between Byzantium, Sassanid Iran, and Axum (Ethiopia)

3. Mecca’s Pre-Islamic Foundations
Adam and Eve: Shrine and Tomb
Circumambulation by Noah’s ark
Abraham (Ibrahim), Ismael, and Hagar
1892 BCE
Zamzam spring
Rebuilt shrine—Ka’ba
Gods in the Ka’ba ( pagan idols?)

4. Muhammad
Orphan
Qurayash tribe
Khadija (1st wife)

5. Spiritual Transformation
Night of Power and Excellence
c. 610
Jibril (Gabriel) with God’s message
Revelations or Recitations
God = Allah
Public recitations—God or jinns?

6. - The Quran 2:344 “Say ‘Allah is God alone! God the eternal!
He begets not and is not begotten!
Nor is there like unto Him anyone!”
- The Quran 2:344

7. Seal of the Prophets Muhammad as the last and final prophet
Following in the tradition of previous prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Solomon, Jesus
All had been Muslim, but had turned astray or not gotten the entire message
Islam = Submission
Muslim = one who submits (to the will of God)
People of the Book
Warning image follows…

8. Muhammad gets anointed

9. The Five Pillars of Islam
Shahadah: There is one God and Muhammad is his prophet.
Salat: 5x Daily Prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Zakat: Alms for the weak and poor
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

10. Prescriptions of Islam
What is being “prescribed” here???

11. Conflict in Mecca: why?
Hijra from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) 622
Calendar
The Umma
Mecca 630
Warning!

12. Muhammad the Warrior

13. Death of Muhammad 632 Abu Bakr the first khalifa (successor)
Umar c
Uthman (Umayya family) c
Ali (son-in-law/cousin) c

14. Conflict over succession
Shi’at Ali (Party of Ali) = Shi’ites
Ali, Muhammad’s first cousin/son-in-law should succeed. Movement to Iraq
Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama’a = Sunnis
(People of Tradition and community)

15. Shi’ites
Led by an Imam.
Descendants of Muhammad through Ali and Fatima.
Leaders are divinely inspired and know the hidden meanings of the Quran.
Imam are the only ones who offer judgment on religious law.
12 heavenly Imams (perfect teachers)
12th Imam, the Mahdi (guided one), will reappear and guide humans towards justice and peace.

16. Sunnis Caliph is the secular leader. No divine connection for leaders.
Represents the religious leaders, but doctrine is left to the Ulama (those who know)

17. Quran c.650 (Recitation)
Hadith—words and deeds of the prophet
Shari’a—Islamic Law

18. Policy Toward Conquered Peoples
First hundred years
Non-Arab, non-Muslim population
Few forced conversions—taxes
People of the Book
One had to be Arab to be Muslim and vice versa.
mid-700s more and more non-Arabs became Muslim

19. Umayyad Dynasty
( )
Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, Persia, Sind (NW India), Iberian peninsula.
Center at Damascus.
Military expansion.
Dome of the Rock--Jerusalem

20. Umayyad Dynasty

21. Abbasid Dynasty
( ) Crete, Sicily, Cyprus, Rhodes, Sardinia, Corsica, southern Italy, southern France. Center at Baghdad. Not actively expansionist.

22. Abbasid Dynasty

23. Battle at Talas River 751 Defeat of Chinese troops
Gain of Chinese prisoners of war and their technologies…..
Most important: Paper