1. Tomáš Jiříček 15.2.2012

2. Tomáš Jiříček 15.2.2012

3.  About My PhD  About Filtration  Membrane Characterisation  Testing Considerations and Equipment  Area of Research  First Results  Acknowledgements

4.  Development and testing of composite (ultrafiltration) membranes with nanofibre structures,  and nonwoven nanofibre membrane filter media with high permeability (low transmembrane pressure), containing chemically and biologically active components.

5.  Mass force on freely moving particles:  Sedimentation  Flotation  Coagulation and floculation  Particles blocked and liquid flows through  Filtration

6.  Any material, that under the operating conditions, is permeable to one or more components of a mixture, solution, or suspensions, and is impermeable to others. (Sutherland and Purchas, 2002)

7.  Driving force – pressure upstream  Mechanism – cross-flow  Objective – clarified liquid  Operating cycle – constant rate  Nature of solids – compressible

8.  Permeability (pore size and density, thickness)  Water flux in dead-end flow  Retention (MWCO molecular weight cut-off)  molar mass of the globular protein which is 90% retained by the membrane

9.  Retained macro- solutes form a second membrane on the surface.  Restriction of flow and changes of selectivity  Flux without response to pressure Kaushik Nath. Membrane Separation Processes. PHI Learning, 2008

10.  Major concern – flux decrease  Changes membrane properties  Fouling and concentration polarization additive resistance  Fouling prevention is very important  selection of membrane  operating conditions  feed pretreatment  start-up techniques  cleaning type and frequency  Interesting competition between:  stable hydrophobic membranes  less fouling hydrophilic membranes

11. http://www.winebusiness.com • Feed recirculated with high velocity parallel to the filter. • Cake continuously removed from the membrane surface. • High permeate flux due to minimal particle deposition

12.  Testing conditions vs real life conditions  Typically: holding capacity, pressure drop, time dependency, and filtration efficiency  Percentage of contaminant removed  Filtration efficiency (99%) vs penetration (1%)

13.  Fluid properties (viscosity, temperature, chemical properties)  Contaminant properties (PSD, concentration)  Desired performance:  Filtration Efficiency  Flow resistance  Filter life  Size  ↘ particle size ↘ fibre diameter ↗ COST

14.  Filtration theory in literature overwhelming  Large scale equipment cannot be designed without small-scale tests  Correlations for scale-up acc. to filtration theory  Constant pressure  Constant rate

16.  Removes all contaminants  No restrictions, ∆p = 0  Infinite holding capacity, lasts forever  Infinitely small  Costs nothing

17.  4 Micro and Ultrafiltration membranes 336 cm2 each operating in series  Concurrent test of different membranes  Flow pattern similar to large-scale devices  Test results were extremely reliable for scale-up  Single pass mode, Batch mode, Constant volume mode © AlfaLaval

18.  Characterisation and testing of membranes  Study of process characteristics  Intensification of the process and scale-up  Separation of biological materials in waste- water treatment applications  Mathematical modeling

19.  Development and testing of composite ultrafiltration membranes with nanofibre structures  Permeability  Long term performace  Leaching of added chemicals  Antibacterial properties

20.  Development and testing of nonwoven nanofibre membrane filter media with:  low transmembrane pressure (operation cost)  chemically / biologically active components  Dense nanofibre layer to avoid depth filtration  Long term operation  Resistance to (bio)fouling  Change of filtration parametres with time  Waste water treatment – remove „unremovable“, membranes for MBR

21. No colonies Nadir UP150 PES AgNO 3 Cont Elspin 3 colonies Nadir UP150 PUR AgNO 3 Hand Elspin 25 colonies Nadir UP150 PES AgNO 3 Hand Elspin 1000 colonies Nadir UP150 PES Ag beh. Cont Elspin

23. • Typically leaching is continous and decreasing • Total of 0,02 mg Ag washed out in the first 30 ml (app. 2%)

24.  Tomáš Lederer  Lenka Martinová  Jakub Hrůza  Alice Břečková  Jan Dolina

27.  Short chain alkylphenols – GC-MS  Long ethoxylate chains – HPLC fluorescence  Hormones – HPLC + MS-MS  GC + (MS-MS) on the way

28.  Particle contaminant in the fluid passes through the filter once

32. © Filtration and Separation Spectrum, 2007 GE Company