1. Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions

2. F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. Carbone
Contributors
P. Dilara, R. Hummel, G. De Santi
DG-JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy
F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. Carbone
Agip Petroli CREA, Milan, Italy
A. Krasenbrink
DLR-IVF, Berlin, Germany

3. Objectives
To assess:
the effect of fuel quality and engine technology on particulate emissions and in particular on the total mass of the emitted particles , on their mass/size distribution and number/size distribution
the influence of the measurement method and the location of sample extraction on the test results
the relation between number of particles and mass of particulates
the relation between the legislative emission test results and the constant speed test results

4. Test Matrix 2 Modern 1.9L Diesel Passenger Cars 2 Fuel Qualities
Direct Injection Rotary Pump (SI)
Common Rail (CR)
Emission level: Euro II
2 Fuel Qualities
Standard fuel, current quality (2000 specifications) (SF)
“Clean” Fuel: Sulphur-free, low aromatics, low density (CF)
Test conditions
NEDC
Constant Speed: Idle, 30, 50, 120 km/h

5. Instrumentation Standard Emission Racks Particulates NOx, CO, HC
Filters
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)
Low Pressure Impactors (LPI-11 and LPI-8)
The LPI-11 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the diluted exhaust gas sampled from the conventional dilution tunnel
The LPI-8 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the raw exhaust gas sampled directly from the tailpipe

6. Instrumentation - Sampling Points
Particulate
Filters
To Vent
CVS
Unit
Ambient
Air
SMPS
LPI-11
LPI-8

7. NEDC Cycle- Regulated Emissions

8. NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)
Rotary Pump Vehicle

9. NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)
Common Rail Vehicle

10. NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect
Common Rail Vehicle

11. NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect
Rotary Pump Vehicle

12. NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Engine Technology Effect
Standard Fuel
“Clean” Fuel

13. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution Idle

14. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 32 km/h

15. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 50 km/h

16. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 120 km/h

17. Total Particulate Mass Effect of test conditions and effect of fuel quality
Rotary Pump Vehicle
Common Rail Vehicle

18. Mass/Size Distribution Mass Median Diameter (MMD)

19. Constant Speed - Total Mass (Impactors) LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust)

20. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h
Common Rail Vehicle

21. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h
Common Rail Vehicle

22. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h
Rotary Pump Vehicle

23. Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h
Rotary Pump Vehicle

24. Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution 32 km/h

25. Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution 120 km/h

26. Constant Speed Tests Particle Number (SMPS) vs Mass (LPI-11)

27. CONCLUSIONS
The effects of fuel quality and engine technology were more or less pronounced or not even detected; different conclusions can be drawn...
…depending on the measuring method, sampling location and test condition
Current vehicle exhaust emission standards are based on mass measurement of PM that has proved to be quite simple and reliable
Much more work is needed before new measures such as particle number can be proposed as a reliable supplement to mass measurements