1. Grassroots Peace Building in practice
Università degli Studi di Trieste
Facoltà di Scienze Politiche
Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze Politiche e Internazionali
Ciclo di progetto Prof. Luca Brusati
Grassroots Peace Building
in practice
Guest speaker: Dr. Mario Ianniello
Anno accademico
© Mario Ianniello 2008

2. Guest Lecturer Mario Ianniello (mario.ianniello@email.it)
PhD in Public Management (ongoing)
Degree in European Public Relations and Master in Public Relations of Institutions
Associate Tutor at Jönköpping University – Montenegro Level B Course
Independent mentor and consultant for Advera Consulting NI, PRONI Institute of Social Education, Forum Syd Balkans,etc.
Different appointments with UN, NATO, OSCE, TIPH
© Mario Ianniello 2008

3. Grassroots Peace Building in practice
Peacebuilding and international politics
What is peacebuilding in practice
Peacebuilding and PCM
Group exercises
© Mario Ianniello 2008

4. From theory to practice (1)
A complex scenario of intervention
Historical-political and social-economic framework
The violent conflict and its multilevel consequences
The international intervention
Why?
Which objectives?
© Mario Ianniello 2008

5. From theory to practice (2)
Intervention rationale
Links between political dynamics at international (USA, Russia, EU, Serbia, Croazia, change of strategic scenario), national and local level
Sustainability of interventions
Financing vs implementation (time span)
Conditions of effectiveness and networking of local resorces
Results
Who makes a project successful? (donors, beneficiaries, politics, ONG, institutions, etc.)
The stone guest: impact evaluation
© Mario Ianniello 2008

6. Complexity as a constant feature
Israel - Palestine
© Mario Ianniello 2008

7. Stereotypes
(1)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

8. Stereotypes
(2)
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9. Commercial ad!
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10. Former Yugoslavia
© Mario Ianniello 2008

11. Political evolution before Dayton (1)
After Tito’s decease, the republic survived mostly thanks to the League of Communist of Yugoslavia
In 1989, non-serb areas autonomy was cancelled (specifically Kosovo and Vojvodina)
After 1990 elections, the imminent separation of the republics became apparent, but there was aproblem unsolved: state borders didn’t match the ethnic distribution
and rediscovered the old motto “all serbs in one state”
, in cui ciascun gruppo etnico voto` per quei partiti che sostenevano il rispettivo diritto all’autodeterminazione, divenne chiaro che il paese si stava dividendo in Stati indipendenti
© Mario Ianniello 2008

12. Ethnic distribution in BiH (1991)
and rediscovered the old motto “all serbs in one state”
, in cui ciascun gruppo etnico voto` per quei partiti che sostenevano il rispettivo diritto all’autodeterminazione, divenne chiaro che il paese si stava dividendo in Stati indipendenti
© Mario Ianniello 2008

13. The BiH conflict starts
Political evolution before Dayton (2)
1991: Hostilities start in Croatia
1992: EU recognizes Slovenia (declaration of independence) In Croatia, a referendum is followed by the declaration of independence (recognition by Ue and USA).
The BiH conflict starts
Filmato?
© Mario Ianniello 2008

14. Dayton Agreement (1995) © Mario Ianniello 2008
La guerra continuo` fino al dicembre 1995, quando fu finalmente firmato un accordo di pace a Dayton – Ohio - (USA). A tre settimane di negoziazioni intense, segui` un accordo preliminare e la firma ufficiale del trattato ebbe luogo a Parigi il 14 dicembre. Slobodan Milosevic, Alija Itzebegovic, Franjo Tudjman
© Mario Ianniello 2008

15. Article VI: Entry into Force
A compromise with consequences…
Article VI: Entry into Force
This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature:
For the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
For the Republic of Croatia
For the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
For the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
For the Republika Srpska
Filmato?
© Mario Ianniello 2008

16. International Intervention
© Mario Ianniello 2008

17. NATO…
NATO (Annex 1A)
IFOR (Implementation Force, Operation Joint Endeavour, dicembre dicembre 1996)
SFOR (Stabilization Force, Operation Joint Guard / Operation Joint Forge )
and rediscovered the old motto “all serbs in one state”
, in cui ciascun gruppo etnico voto` per quei partiti che sostenevano il rispettivo diritto all’autodeterminazione, divenne chiaro che il paese si stava dividendo in Stati indipendenti
© Mario Ianniello 2008

18. …UN…
OHR (Office of the High Representative, Annex 10, a limited-sovereignity democracy model - concurrent role of EUSR - European Union Special Representative) international institution ad hoc (supervision of implementation of civil aspects of Dayton)
IPTF (International Police Task Force, Annex 11)
Agencies
UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugee)
UNDP (UN Development Programme)
ICTY (Intl. Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

19. …EU…
EUPM (Joint Action EUPM 002/210/CFSP of UE Council) from January 2003
EUFOR (Joint Action 2004/570/CFSPD)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

20. …and all the others!
OSCE (Annex 3, free elections and democratisation)
ONG…
Emergency relief
Social reconstruction
© Mario Ianniello 2008

21. …and all the others!
OSCE (Annex 3, free elections and democratisation)
ONG…
Emergency relief
Social reconstruction
© Mario Ianniello 2008

22. Ethnic distribution in BiH (1991)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

23. Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

24. Mines
© Mario Ianniello 2008

25. The actual situation
© Mario Ianniello 2008

26. Brainstoming exercise (15 minutes)… A B C
WHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES
OF A VIOLENT CONFLICT?
© Mario Ianniello 2008

27. Categories Politics Economy Society Technology Legal frame Environment
© Mario Ianniello 2008

28. “Peace” interventions
(Peace making)
“Traditional” UN approaches
Peace keeping
Peace enforcing
Peace building (now integrated in the UN system)
and rediscovered the old motto “all serbs in one state”
, in cui ciascun gruppo etnico voto` per quei partiti che sostenevano il rispettivo diritto all’autodeterminazione, divenne chiaro che il paese si stava dividendo in Stati indipendenti
© Mario Ianniello 2008

29. Multilevel
Peace
Building
© Mario Ianniello 2008

30. Grassroots peacebuilding
Key element of sustainability to the peace process in a post-conflict scenario (UN AGENDA FOR PEACE 1992, BRAHIMI REPORT 2000)
Intervention typology integrated with peacemaking, essential contribution to preventive diplomacy
Reconciliation based on relationships reconstruction to allow the healing of social and psychological traumas through dialogue (LEDERACH 1997)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

31. The role of NGOs Filling a vacuum: First emergency relief
Physical reconstruction
Social reconstruction
Adopting a participatory model
Contextually relevant
Culturally sensitive
Real needs responsive
Decentralization driven
© Mario Ianniello 2008

32. NGOs peacebuilding challenges
Frozen political/social context
Economic situation
Infrastructures
Freedom of movement
Black economy
Poor government control
Dated legislation
Social situation
Destroyed social fabric and relationships
Ethnic violence and discrimination
“Anti-internationals” feelings
© Mario Ianniello 2008

33. NGOs response to contextual challenges
Type of programme to develop and implement (in given context, NGOs often take the role of social reconstruction and democratisation )
Target group (they target the epicentre of new power and influence; usually grassroots based power of youth, community leaders, students)
Duration (usually 3-5 years)
Methodology (highly participatory and focussed on capacity building)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

34. Rationale for these responses
Strategic choice based on where and how to be most effective
Targets response to need (feedback loop)
Builds on relationship between community and NGO - accountable, trusted and based on mutual control.
© Mario Ianniello 2008

35. Internal challenges
Responding to the contextual challenges creates many organisational challenges
Managerial challenges
Ethical funding
Ethical partnerships
Need centred development
Having staff and volunteers as beneficiaries as well as implementers
Sustainability
© Mario Ianniello 2008

36. Open issues Financial sustainability Coordination
Legitimacy, transparency and accountability
Impact evaluation of NGOs development projects and programmes
Managerialization of NGOs and coherence with the vision
Cultural sensitivity in approaches and tools
Without making a proper classification under appropriate headings that you can easily trace in the past lectures, i would like to quote some of the problems encountered that reflects directly on the management of NGOs.
© Mario Ianniello 2008

37. Characteristics of PCM Method
Participatory Approach
Logicality
Consistency
© Mario Ianniello 2008

38. Accurate and Effective Project Management
PCM pros…
Accurate and Effective Project Management
Project Planning Accommodating Recipients’ Needs
Project Planning fit with Local Context
Assured Transparency of Assistance
More Effective Communication
© Mario Ianniello 2008

39. Importance of Workshop Participants
…and cons.
Modification of LFA
Importance of Workshop Participants
Application of Supplementary Methods
Problem-Solving
© Mario Ianniello 2008

40. Structure of PCM method
Participatory Planning
Monitoring and Evaluation
© Mario Ianniello 2008

41. Participatory planning (1)
Analysis
Stakeholders
Analysis
Problems
Objectives
Project selection
Planning
LFA matrix
Plan of operation
© Mario Ianniello 2008
Adapted from Minato, AD – IDRI, FASID 2007

42. Participatory planning (2)
Team building
(brain storming)
Visualization
(Cards)
process
facilitator
Resources
(data, skills, practice)
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008
Adapted from Minato, AD – IDRI, FASID 2007

43. Merit of PCM Workshop Sharing information and recognition
Consensus-making based on mutual
understanding
Project planning in accordance with the host
country’s and beneficiary’s needs
Project planning in accordance with the local
context
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

44. Sustainability
Capacity of becoming independent from the international aid and of using local resources
Sustainability indicators
Policies
Society & Culture
Organizations & Institutions
Economy & Finance
Technologies
Environment
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

45. Impact
Effects (direct and indirect, positive and negative) of the implementation not included in the planning
Impact evaluation happens after the intervention is over (3-5 years)
Requires dedicated budget lines
The overall goal is included as expected positive effects
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

46. 10 min. introduction/explanation 30 min. exercise
3-4 people groups
10 min. introduction/explanation
30 min. exercise
5 min. per group feedback
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

47. Exercise (2)
Il governo italiano ha verificato un aumento dei flussi d’immigrati clandestini attraverso i confini del nord-est, in seguito alle condizioni createsi dopo il conflitto nei Balcani
Oltre agli altri strumenti posti in essere nel territorio nazionale (aumento dei controlli, legislazione ad hoc, accoglienza, etc.) il governo ha deciso di finanziare delle iniziative in Bosnia per diversificare l’intervento ed aumentarne l’efficacia
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

48. Exercise (3)
La vostra ong ha ricevuto una donazione di 1,3 ml di euro per un intervento di ricostruzione sociale nel Distretto di Brcko della durata di cinque anni ( il primo e l’ultimo anno, euro gli altri anni). Il finanziamento ha lo scopo di stabilizzare la situazione della popolazione e ridurre il numero delle persone che abbandonano il paese.
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

49. Rispondete alle seguenti domande:
Exercise (4)
Rispondete alle seguenti domande:
Quali sono le considerazioni principali nella pianificazione del vostro intervento
Chi saranno i vostri beneficiari (e perché)
Come intendete intervenire (per linee generali)
Con chi avreste intenzione di cooperare (se intendete farlo)
Quali risultati pensate di garantire al donor alla fine dei 5 anni
Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

50. Main carachteristics of participatory planning (information, expertise, experience)
© Mario Ianniello 2008

51. Memo
“The conventional definition of management is getting work done through people, but real management is developing people through work.”
(Agha Hasan Abedi BCCI founder)
© Mario Ianniello 2008