1. 1 A Formal Foundation for Software Refactoring Tom Mens, Serge Demeyer, Dirk Janssens tom.mens@vub.ac.be{ serge.demeyer | dirk.janssens }@ua.ac.be Programming Technology LabLab on Re-Engineering Vrije Universiteit BrusselUniversiteit Antwerpen

2. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2 Goal  Improve tool support for refactoring object-oriented software …  less ad hoc  more scalable (e.g., composite refactorings)  more language independent  more correct (e.g., guarantee behaviour preservation)  … by providing a formal model in terms of graphs and graph rewriting

3. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 3 Why refactoring?  Refactorings are software transformations that restructure an object-oriented application while preserving its behaviour.  According to Fowler (1999), refactoring  improves the design of software  makes software easier to understand  helps you find bugs  helps you program faster

4. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 4 Why graph rewriting?  Graphs  provide a compact and expressive representation of program structure and behaviour  have a 2-D nature that allows to remove redundancy in the source code (e.g., more localised naming)  Graph rewriting  provide an intuitive description for the manipulation/transformation of complex graph-like structures  offer theoretical results which help in the analysis of such structures  confluence property, parallel/sequential independence, (de)composition

5. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 5 Important research questions  Which program properties should be preserved by refactorings?  input/output behaviour  timing constraints  static (compile-time) versus dynamic (run-time) behaviour  …  What is the complexity of a refactoring?  complexity of applicability of a refactoring  complexity of applying the refactoring (e.g. high change impact)  How do refactorings affect quality factors?  increase/decrease program complexity, understandability, maintainability, …

6. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 6 Important research questions ctd.  How can refactorings be composed/decomposed?  combining primitive refactorings in more complex ones  extracting a sequence of refactorings from two successive versions of a program  How do refactorings interact?  parallel application of refactorings may lead to consistency problems  How should we provide support for non-behaviour- preserving refactorings?  How do refactorings affect design models?  co-evolution  Is it possible to define a language-independent formalism?

7. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 7 workstation 1 fileserver 1 workstation 2 printer 1 workstation 3 1. originate(p) 2. send(p) 3. accept(p) 4. send(p) 5. accept(p) 6. send(p) 7. accept(p) 8.print(p) Running example: LAN simulation

8. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 8 UML class diagram accept(p:Packet) originate(p:Packet) Workstation contents Packet accept(p:Packet) send(p:Packet) Node originator name accept(p:Packet) print(p:Packet) PrintServer accept(p:Packet) save(p:Packet) FileServer addressee nextNode

9. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 9 Java source code public class Node { public String name; public Node nextNode; public void accept(Packet p) { this.send(p); } protected void send(Packet p) { System.out.println( name + "sends to" + nextNode.name); nextNode.accept(p); } } public class Packet { public String contents; public Node originator; public Node addressee; } public class Printserver extends Node { public void print(Packet p) { System.out.println(p.contents); } public void accept(Packet p) { if(p.addressee == this) this.print(p); else super.accept(p); } public class Workstation extends Node { public void originate(Packet p) { p.originator = this; this.send(p); } public void accept(Packet p) { if(p.originator == this) System.err.println("no destination"); else super.accept(p); }

10. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 10 Graph representation – part 1  program structure

11. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 11 Type graph – part 1  Node types  Cclass  Bmethod body  Aattribute (variable)  Mmethod signature (selector)  P(formal) parameter  Edge types  T: A|P|M  Cattribute type, parameter type, method return type  L: M  Bdynamic method lookup  I: C  Cinheritance  A|B  C, P  Mcontainment

12. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 12 Graph representation – part 2  program behaviour for class Node

13. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 13 Type graph – part 2  Node types  E(sub)expression in the method body  Edge types  E: B  Etop-level expression in method body  E: E  Ecascaded message send  A: E  P|Aaccess of parameter or attribute  U: E  Aattribute update  S: E  Bstatic call (e.g., super call or call to static method)  D: E  Mdynamic call (late binding, virtual function call)  P: E  P|E|Aactual parameter (of a call or attribute update)  this: E  Cexplicit reference to this object

14. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 14 Graph representation – part 3  program behaviour for class Workstation

15. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 15 Behaviour preservation invariants  Access preservation  each method body (indirectly) performs at least the same attribute accesses as it did before the refactoring  Update preservation  each method body (indirectly) performs at least the same attribute updates as it did before the refactoring  Statement preservation  each method (indirectly) performs at least the same statements as it did before the refactoring  Type preservation  each statement in each method body still has the same result type or return type as it did before the refactoring

16. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 16 Refactoring – Encapsulate Field Fowler 1999, page 206 There is a public field Make it private and provide accessors public class Node { private String name; private Node nextNode; public String getName() { return this.name; } public void setName(String s) { this.name = s; } public Node getNextNode() { return this.nextNode; } public void setNextNode(Node n) { this.nextNode = n; } public void accept(Packet p) { this.send(p); } protected void send(Packet p) { System.out.println( this.getName() + "sends to" + this.getNextNode().getName()); this.getNextNode().accept(p); } } public class Node { public String name; public Node nextNode; public void accept(Packet p) { this.send(p); } protected void send(Packet p) { System.out.println( name + "sends to" + nextNode.name); nextNode.accept(p); } }

17. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 17 Refactoring – Encapsulate Field  before the refactoring

18. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 18 Refactoring – Encapsulate Field  after the refactoring

19. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 19 Graph transformation – Encapsulate Field  EncapsulateField( class,attr,type,accessor,updater )

20. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 20 Behaviour preservation – Encapsulate Field  EncapsulateField preserves behaviour  access preserving: all attribute nodes can still be accessed via a transitive closure  update preserving: all attribute nodes can still be updated via a transitive closure attr A EE accessor MB 3 5 DLAE attr A E 3 5 A EE updater MB 3 4 DLUE attr A E 3 4 U Behaviour preservation invariants detected by graph patterns

21. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 21 Refactoring – Extract Method Fowler 1999, page 110 You have a code fragment that can be grouped together Turn the fragment into a method whose name explains the purpose of the method public class Node {... public void accept(Packet p) { this.send(p); } protected void send(Packet p) { this.log(p); this.getNextNode().accept(p); } protected void log(Packet p) { System.out.println( this.getName() + "sends to" + this.getNextNode().getName()); } } public class Node {... public void accept(Packet p) { this.send(p); } protected void send(Packet p) { System.out.println( this.getName() + "sends to" + this.getNextNode().getName()); this.getNextNode().accept(p); } }

22. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 22 Refactoring – Extract Method  before the refactoring

23. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 23 Refactoring – Extract Method  after the refactoring

24. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 24 Graph transformation – Extract Method  ExtractMethod( class,old,new,StatList )  given the body of method old in class, redirect all statements in StatList to the body of a parameterless method new (method parameters can be introduced afterwards by AddParameter)    StatList 11 22 3 3

25. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 25 Behaviour preservation – Extract Method  ExtractMethod preserves behaviour  statement preserving: all expressions (calls, accesses, updates) that were performed before the refactoring, are still performed (via transitive closure) after the refactoring    StatList B E  E new MB 32 DLEE B E  1 3 E old M L 2 1 L Behaviour preservation invariant detected by graph pattern

26. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 26 Refactoring – Replace data value with object Fowler 1999, page 175 You have a data item that needs additional data or behaviour Turn the data item into an object public class Packet {... private Document doc; public String getContents() { return this.doc.contents; } public void setContents(String s) { this.doc.contents = s; } } public class Document {... public String contents; } public class Packet {... private String contents; public String getContents() { return this.contents; } public void setContents(String s) { this.contents = s; } }

27. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 27 Refactoring – Replace data value with object  before the refactoring

28. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 28 Refactoring – Replace data value with object  after the refactoring

29. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 29 Graph transformation – Replace data value with object  ReplaceDataValueWithObject( class,attr,attrType,object,objType )

30. FWO-WOG, January 2002, Brussels © Tom Mens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 30 Behaviour preservation – Replace data value with object  ReplaceDataValueWithObject preserves behaviour  access preserving  update preserving  type preserving Behaviour preservation invariants detected by graph patterns