1. The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century
3/25/2017
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Curt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred Berg Winter Term 2008/2009
The Reluctant Empire?
U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg 1 1 1 1 1 1

2. The End of the Cold War The Second Cold War and the New Arms Race
Third World Interventions
U.S. – Soviet Negotiations during the Gorbachev Era
The Fall of Communism and the Reunification of Europe and Germany
The Gulf War of 1991
Humanitarian Intervention
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

3. Ronald W. Reagan,
One-time broadcaster, actor and head of the Screen Actors Guild
Governor of California,
U.S. President,
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4. Strategic Defense Initiative
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5. The German Peace Movement
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6. Jeanne Kirkpatrick,
Ronald Reagan’s Foreign Affairs Advisor in the 1980 presidential campaign
U.N. Ambassador,
Famous for her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine," which advocates U.S. support of anticommunist governments, including authoritarian dictatorships
Co-founded the public policy org. “Empower America,” 1993
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

7. Reagan Doctrine, 1985
“Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom and democracy!” To this end the U.S. would support those “on every continent, from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet-supported aggression and to secure rights which have been ours from birth… Support for freedom fighters is self-defense.”
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8. Afghan Mujahadeen in the 1980s
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9. The Contras in Nicaragua
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10. Mikhail Sergevich Gorbachev, b. 1931
General Sec. of the Communist Party,
Introduced the policy of openness or “Glasnost,” 1985
Advocated economic reforms known as “Perestroika,” 1987
In 1987 he called for democratization: the infusion of democratic elements such as multi-candidate elections into the Soviet political process
Nobel Peace Prize winner, 1990
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

11. “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
President Reagan delivers his famous speech at the Berlin Wall in West Berlin, June 12, 1987.
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12. INF Treaty 1987
Requires both superpowers to eliminate all land-based nuclear missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers
Ranks as the first true nuclear arms reduction agreement
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13. Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1989
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14. Solidarnosc, 1980
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15. East German Refugees, 1989
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16. The Fall of the Berlin Wall
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17. President George H. W. Bush, b. 1924
U.S. Representative,
Ambassador to the United Nations,
Republican National Committee Chairman,
Director of the CIA,
U.S. Vice President,
U.S. President,
Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

18. U.S. Conditions for German Reunification
United Germany must remain firmly integrated into the Western Alliance
Unification must be achieved by peaceful and consensual means
Germany must acknowledge the consolidated territories of East and West Germany as its final borders.
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19. U.S.-Soviet Summit 1990
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20. Saddam Hussein,
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21. The New World Order, 1990
“A new world order can emerge…a new era – freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace…in which [all] nations of the world can prosper and live in harmony…a world where the rule of law supplants the law of the jungle.”
President George H. W. Bush
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22. Operation Desert Storm, 1991
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23. The Palestinian–Israeli Peace, 1993
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24. Somalia 1993: Black Hawk Down
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25. Rwandan Genocide of 1994
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26. Balkan Leaders sign the Dayton Peace Treaty as NATO Leaders look on.
Muslims
Croats
Serbs
Balkan Leaders sign the Dayton Peace Treaty as NATO Leaders look on.
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27.
(Above) The Pentagon in flames after the crash of American Airlines 77
(Left) American Airlines 11 and United Airlines 175 crash into the Towers at the World Trade Center
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28. Thank You for Your Attention!
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