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RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM
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THE PROCESSING AREA PROCESSING AREA VIEWING SECTION
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VIEWING AREA PROCESSING AREA
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VIEWING SECTION VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY-500-1000 FOOT CANDLES
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PHOTOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY
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VIEWING STATION
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ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED
VIEWBOX LIGHT IF ONE BULB IS BLOWN ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED
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VIWBOXES TO BE CLEANED ONCE EVERY 6 MONTHS
IF USED 24/7 – BULBS CHANGES ONCE A YEAR IF USED 12/7 BULBS CHANGED ONCE EVERY TWO YEARS
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VIEWING AREA HOT LIGHT
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MOST OF MODERN MEDICAL IMAGING DEPARTMENTS USE AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS—MOST OF THOSE ARE DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS
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AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS
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AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS
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AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS
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MANUAL PROCESSING
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DARKROOM
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BASIC COMPONENTS OF DARKROOM
STORAGE SHELVES WORKBENCH
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BASIC COMPONENTS: PROCESSOR
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BASIC COMPONENTS: CHEMISTRY MIXING TANKS
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BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM DUPLICATOR
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DUPLICATING FILM EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
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BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM FLASHER
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BASIC COMPONENTS: SILVER RECOVERY SYSTEM
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BASIC COMPONENTS FILM BIN
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FILM BIN AUDIO ALARM
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CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES
FILM BIN ANATOMY CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES
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TYPICAL DARKROOM FILM BIN
OTHER FILMS 8 x 10 10 x 12 11 x 14 14 x 17 FRONT
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RADIOGRAPHIC FILM SIZES
14 X17 11 x 14 10 x 12 8 x 10 7 x 17 6 x 12 14 x 36 35 x 43 28 x 35 25 x 30 20 x 25 18 x 43 15 x 30 35 x 91
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DARKROOM LIGHT WHITE LIGHTS SAFELIGHTS
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WHITE LIGHT IS USED FOR:
EQUIPMENT REPAIR AND DARKROOM CLEANING
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DURING FILM PROCESSING
SAFELIGHTS USED DURING FILM PROCESSING
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SAFELIGHT BULBS INCANDESCENT RECESSED WITHIN METALLIC LIGHT FIXTURE
RED FILTER-- KODAK GBX-2 OR GS-1 AMBER FILTER --WRATTEN 6B
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SAFELIGHTS RED—GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM ORTHOCHROMATIC
AMBER –BLUE LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM TOTAL DARKNESS FOR PANCHROMATIC FILM
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AT LEAST 3 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY
7.5 W FILM TRAY
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AT LEAST 4 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY
15 W FILM TRAY
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LATENSIFICATION INCCREASED SENSITIVITY TO SAFELIGHT ILLUMINATION AFTER FILM WAS EXPOSED
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DARKROOM DESIGN
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LEAD SHIELDING IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOM
1/16 INCH OF LEAD IN THE WALLS ALL THE WAY TO THE CEILING.
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IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOMS
PASS-BOXES NEEDED TO PASS FILMS DIRECTLY FROM THE X-RAY ROOM TO DARKROOM
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VENTILATION SYSTEM MUST BE LIGHTPROOF AND ABLE TO FILTER OUT DUST
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HUMIDITY 40-60% > 60%--FILM FOG <40% STATIC ARTIFACTS
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SIZE BIG ENOUGH!!!?
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COLOR WALLS AND CEILING CAN BE PAINTED IN ANY COLOR
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TEMPERATURE 50-70 º F FOR FILM STORAGE– TO SLOW DOWN THE AGING PROCESS OF THE FILM
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WOULD YOU STORE IT LIKE THIS???
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STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS
STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS. USE FILM STORAGE CARTS OR SHELVES
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DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM
COLOR OF THE MAZE DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM
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DARKROOM TESTING WHITE LIGHT LEAKS SAFELIGHT FOG
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SAFELIGHT TEST
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SENSITOMETRY
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SENSITOMETRY-QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FILM RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE & DEVELOPMENT
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FILM DEVELOPMENT
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SENSITOMETRIC STRIPS
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PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER
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PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER
X-RAY TUBE
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PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER
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PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER
VISIBLE LIGHT
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MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER
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MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER
VISIBLE LIGHT I o I t
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OD OPTICAL DENSITY OD= LOG Io/I t
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0.3 = 2 X DENSITY
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OD vs % OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION
1 2 3 4 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
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Characteristic curve, a curve used to show the exposure properties of a film or a film screen system. The characteristic curve, which was described in 1890 by Hurter and Driffield, is a representation of how the exposure of the film is related to the measurable signal, i.e. the blackening of the film, or film density. The characteristic curve is different for different film types but has a general shape as shown in Fig.1. The base and fog density is measured on an unexposed film. The shape of the characteristic curve tells the user the contrast properties (slope of the linear part) and the useful exposure range (length of the linear part). It also will indicate the speed of the film (or film-screen system), which can be judged from the curve's position along the horizontal axis. The speed class can also be found from the characteristic curve
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SENSITOMETRIC CURVE H & D CURVE D Log E CURVE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
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SOLARIZATION
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SYNERGISTIC REACTION HYDROQUINONE PHENIDONE
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SOLARIZATION FILM DUPLICATION EXPOSURE TIME DENSITY
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Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min 0. 15 -
Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min OD) The density of the unexposed film base plus any chemical fogging that may occur during processing
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Inertia Point TRESHOLD The point at which the film has absorbed sufficient light energy to start forming a latent image.
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Toe A non-linear region where shadow detail is recorded in negative materials (Highlight detail in print material). Compression of the density differences occur and contrast is decreased.
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Straight Line Portion ( GAMMA, SLOPE) The linear section where most of the information is recorded. This section is used to determine the processed contrast of the film.
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RANGE OF USEFUL DENSITIES
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Shoulder A non-linear section
Shoulder A non-linear section. Compression of density differences occur and contrast is decreased. It is unusual to record information on this region of the curve, however this region may be reached with overexposure or extended development such as push processing to increase effective film speed
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QUANTITATIVE DATA OBTAINED FROM H&D CURVE
FILM SPEED FILM CONTRAST B+F ( BASE PLUS FOG) EXPOSURE LATITUDE
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FILM SPEED FAST SLOW
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FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT A.G.= (OD2 – OD1)/ (LRE2 –LRE1)
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FILM CONTRAST STEEPNESS OF THE SLOPE
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FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT
LRE1 LRE2
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FILM LATITUDE LATITUDE LATITUDE
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CONTRAST VERY HIGH VISIBILITY OF DETAIL
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VISIBILITY OF DETAIL vs CONTRAST
HIGH CONTRAST LOW CONTRAST
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PROCESSOR MONITORING DEVELOPER TEMP DEVELOPMENT TIME . SPEED FOG
CONTRAST
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THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR
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AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR DAYLIGHT SYSTEM
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PROCESSOR
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SECTIONS OF THE PROCESSOR
D F W D
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ENTRANCE ROLLERS ENTRANCE ROLLER ENTRANCE ROLLER
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FILMS ORIENTATION ON THE TRAY
14 X 17 11 X 14 10 X 12 8 X 10 7 X 17
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PROCESSOR SYSTEMS & SUBSYSTEMS
TRANSPORT TEMP. CONTROL RECIRCULATION REPLENISHMENT DRYER ELECTRICAL
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TRANSPORT TRANSPORT FILM THROUGH PROCESSOR, REGULATION OF IMMERSION TIME, AGITATE SOLUTIONS
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TRANSPORT GUIDE SHOE ROLLER RACKS
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TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY MASTER GUIDE SHOE
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TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY MASTER ROLLER GUIDE SHOE SQUEEGE ROLLER
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TEMPERATURE CONTROL—DRYER AND SOLUTION TEMPERATURE
ELECTRICAL HEATER
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TEMPERATURE VARIATION +- 5 DEG. FARENHEIT
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TEMPERATURE DEVELOPER FIXER WASH DRYER 95 DEG F 95 DEG. F 90-95 DEG. F
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TEMP. CONTROL
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DRYER TEMP. RECIRCULATION DRYER BLOWER
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RECIRCULATION –AGITATION OF SOLUTIONS+ FILTRATION
FILTER PUMP
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RECIRCULATION
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REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM
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REPLENISHMENT D F REPLENISHMENT PUMP
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REPLENISHMENT RATES FOR EVERY 14 IN. OF FILM
60-70 ML OF DEVELOPER ML OF FIXER
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PROCESSING TIME +- 2 % VARIATION
45 SEC-210 SEC. MOST PROCESSORS DROP TIME 90 SEC.
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RADIOGRAPHIC ARTIFACTS
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TYPES OF ARTIFACTS PROCESSING EXPOSURE HANDLING AND STORAGE
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PROCESSING ARTIFACTS HYPORETENTION PI-LINES GUIDE SHOE MARK STATIC
ENTRANCE ROLLER MARK CRINKLE MARK FINGER MARKS EMULSION PICK-OFF WATER STAIN
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EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS MOTION IMPROPER POSITIONING
POOR FILM SCREEN CONTACT DOUBLE EXPOSURE FOREIGN OBJECTS BACK-SCATTER CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN BROKEN CASSETTE IMPROPER USE OF GRID
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HANDLING & STORAGE ARTIFACTS
LIGHT FOG RADIATION FOG STATIC SCRATCHES HYPORETENTION
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FILMS STUCK TO EACH OTHER DURING PROCESSING
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HYPORETENTION
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PI-LINE
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GUIDE SHOE MARK
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STATIC
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STATIC
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STATIC
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ROLLER MARKS
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FINGER MARKS
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CRIMPING MARK
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PICK-OFF
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WATER STAIN
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WATER STAIN
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POOR FILM SCREN CONTACT
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H.T. (High Voltage) CABLES
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DOUBLE EXPOSURE
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BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN
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BACKSCATTER
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BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN
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MOIRE EFFECT
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WARPED CASSETTE-LIGHT LEAK
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HAIR BUN
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CLOTHES RIBBING
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GRID CUT-OFF
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JEWELLERY
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SCATTER FOG
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SANDBAG
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FOGGING
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KYPHOSIS-CHIN
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STRAP
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Q.A. TESTS COLLIMATION FOCAL SPOT SIZE KVP CALIBRATION
EXPOSURE LINEARITY EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY FILM-SCREEN CONTACT PROTECTIVE APPAREL INTEGRITY
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COLLIMATION (LIGHT FIELD/RADIATION FIELD CONGRUENCY)
SEMI-ANUALLY NINE PENNY TEST OR SPECIAL TOOL TEST +- 2% OF SID
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FOCAL SPOT SIZE ANNUALLY PINHOLE CAMERA, SLIT CAMERA, STAR PATTERN
+- 50%
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STAR PATTERN
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LINE PAIR TEST TOOL
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KVP CALLIBRATION ANNUALLY KVP METER +- 10%
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KVP METER
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EXPOSURE LINEARITY ANNUALLY DOSIMETER +- 10%
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EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY
ANNUALLY RADIATION DOSIMETER +-5%
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FILM/SCREEN CONTACT ANNUALLY WIRE MESH
NO DARK AREAS PRESENT ON THE FILM
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WIRE MESH
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HOW USE WIRE MESH TO TEST FILM SCRREN CONTACT
CASSETTE
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PROTECTIVE APPAREL ANNUALLY FLUORO NO CRACKS OR HOLES
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