1. Unit 5 World War I and the Russian Revolution

2. A Fragile Peace There had been peace in Europe for nearly 30 years
However many forces were at work to destroy the peace
OTTO von BISMARCK

3. Causes of World War I Nationalism Imperialism Militarism The Balkans
Alliance System
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

4. Competition between Europe’s powers for resources and materials
Nationalism
Competition between Europe’s powers for resources and materials
Territorial disputes
Alsace-Lorraine (France/Germany)
Balkans
Other minor disputes around the world

5. Imperialism Overseas Imperialism created conflicts
Africa, Asia and China
Sense of rivalry and mistrust

6. Militarism Glorifying military power and keeping a strong military
Kept citizens feeling safe and patriotic
Ready in case of a war
Increased economy of each nation
Countries competed with each other

7. Serbia Bosnia Greece Others
The Balkan Peninsula
Serbia Bosnia Greece Others
Ottoman Empire declining in power
New countries wanting to expand
Control trade of Mediterranean region
Great nationalism of individual nations
Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary all wanted to maintain power in the area

8. <The Balkans

9. The Balkan Wars

10. Alliance System and Germany
Since the late 1880’s von Bismarck made fragile alliances with a number of countries
All with the goal of keeping peace, yet always strengthening Germany
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany Britain
Austria-Hungary France
Italy Russia

11. Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 28, 1914 on visit to Bosnia
Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Black Hand) committed to ridding Serbia of Austrian rule
Austria-Hungary would send troops to Serbia, and Germany supported them
Russia supported Serbia and sent troops to Austria – bcz of ALLIANCE SYSTEM

13. A New Alliance System Central Powers Allies Germany Britain
Austria-Hungary France
Italy (to start) Russia
Countries very quickly mobilized for war
United States???

14. The Schlieffen Plan
German troops would race west to fight France then come back and fight Russia (slower to mobilize)
This brought Britain into the war
First Battle of the Marne defeated the Germans and saved the Allies
This two front war would quickly become a stalemate everywhere

15. A New Type of War Trench Warfare Poison Gas Machine Gun Tank Airplanes
Submarines

16. WWI Tech

17. Stalemate Western Front stalemate
Eastern Front Russia weakening, but its massive numbers helping
War of Attrition
Allies sending supplies to Russia
War spreading to ROW

18. Gallipoli Allies wanted to attack Central Powers through Turkey
Dardanelles – a narrow sea-straight that led to the Turkish capital, and eventually into Austria

19. Mel Gibson! Gallipoli famous in Australia
A misguided attempt to end the war

20. A Changing War Stalemate continues through 1917
Russia withdraws and facing collapse and internal Revolution
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany March 1918
Over 5.5 million Russian dead/wounded
Eastern European countries gain independence (Balkans)

21. United States Prez Wilson declared war April 2, 1917 WHY? Because of…
Unrestricted German sub activity (Lusitania)
Cultural ties
Economic ties
War atrocities
Zimmerman Note – Mexico vs US?
“Total War”
Lusitania May 7, 1915

22. Other Things Happening…
1918 Influenza Epidemic
Spanish Flu – world-wide
At least 50 million people died

23. Other Things Happening…
Balfour Declaration
Asked for establishment of Palestinian state, separate from Israeli state
International Zionism
Britain would not allow
Israel/Palestine have historic ties to same land and still fight over it today

24. Central Powers Slowly Defeated
Final German push stopped at Second Battle of the Marne
Germany surrendered and declared itself Weimar Republic
Armistice signed November 11, 1918 in a railroad car near Paris
Remember this car!

25. Wilson’s 14 Points – Peace Plan
Wanted Self-determination
Britain and France wanted harsh punishment for Germany
Compromised with the Treaty of Versailles – June 28, 1919
Very hard on Germany – See Hitler, Adolf

26. German Territorial Losses
Treaty of Versailles
German Territorial Losses
new countries (Map)
German Military Restrictions
War Reparations - $$
War Guilt Clause (MOST DAMAGING)
League of Nations

27. League of Nations U.S. did not join Failure: examples
Japanese into Manchuria
Italy into Ethiopia and Greece
Hitler - EVERYWHERE

28. Results of Treaty of Versailles
No country happy with Treaty
Did not build a lasting peace
Created more animosity and hate
Ultimately led to WWII

29. The Cost of World War I 8.5 million soldiers died SEE CHART
21 million wounded
Countless citizens + Flu
Farms, towns, and cities destroyed
$338 BILLION
How does Europe recover?