1. Macromolecules
1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.
Almost all enzymes are protein catalysts made by living organisms. Enzymes speed up favorable (spontaneous) reactions by reducing the activation energy required for the reaction, but they are not consumed in the reactions they promote. To demonstrate the action of enzymes on a substrate, the teacher can use liver homogenate or yeast as a source of the enzyme catalase and hydrogen peroxide as the substrate. The effect of various environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration, on the rate of reaction can be investigated. These investigations should encourage student observation, recording of qualitative and quantitative data, and graphing and interpretation of data.
1. h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Many of the large carbon compound molecules necessary for life (e.g., polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) are polymers of smaller monomers. Polysaccharides are composed of monosaccharides; proteins are composed of amino acids; lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and other components; and nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
ATP is adenosine triphosphate, and NADPH is reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

2. California Science Standards
Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.
1. h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

3. Macromolecules (Carbon Compounds)
Living Tissues are 70% Water
All living tissues are made up of the same 4 large molecules

4. Macromolecule #1:Carbohydrates, I
Carbohydrates are sugars and sugar polymers (polysaccharide)
Monosaccharide
raw material for amino acids and fatty acids

5. Carbohydrates, II Disaccharides
Two saccharides (sugars)
Polysaccharides – three or more sugars linked together

6. Carbohydrates, III
Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound;
Chitin~exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread
Polysaccharide Used as Storage:
Starch~ glucose monomers
Plants: plastids
Animals: glycogen

7. Macromolecule #2: Lipids
Hydrophobic – Don’t mix with water
Hydrocarbons
No polymers; glycerol and fatty acid
Fats, phospholipids, steroids

8. Fats and Oils store Energy
Fats and oil = triglycerides (simple lipids)
Fats are solid at room temperature
Oils are liquids at room temperature
Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds

9. Phospholipids 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)
‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic
Bilayer (double layer); cell membranes

10. Steroids Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings Example:
cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis

11. Macromolecule #3: Proteins
Protein molecules vary from about 50 to 3,000 amino acids in length.
Important for nearly everything organisms do
Monomer: amino acids (there are 22) ~

12. Proteins Structural Support Protection Transport Catalysis Defense
Regulation
Movement

13. Proteins
A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
Normal cells contain millions of molecules of the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen

14. Primary Structure Order or sequence of amino acids
Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids

15. Secondary Structure Conformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds)
Alpha Helix: coiling; keratin
Pleated Sheet: parallel; silk

16. Tertiary Structure
Conformation: irregular contortions from R group bonding
Hydrophobic
disulfide bridges
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds

17. Quaternary Structure
Conformation: or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule
Example include: collagen,connective ,tissue, and hemoglobin

18. Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide)
A nucleotide has 3 parts:
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group

19. Nucleic Acids, II Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

20. Structure of Nuclei Acids

21. DNA vs RNA DNA double stranded Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Cytosine (3)
Thymine (2)
Deoxyribose
RNA single stranded
Adenine
Guanine
Cyhtosine
Uracil
Ribose

22. Write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase
a. building blocks of proteins
b. solid at room temperature
c. a molecular chain of nucleotides
d. starch, cellulose, and glycogen
e. many play key roles in the manufacture of proteins
saturated fatty acid
2. nucleic acid
3. Polysaccharides
4. amino acids
5. RNA