1. THE EYE

2. Function of the Eye 80% of what we perceive is based on sight
3 types of neurons
1) Sensory Neurons
Captures the information coming from the senses (from the sensory organs to the cerebrum)
2) Motor Neurons
Transmits to the muscles the command given by the brain (from the cerebrum to the muscle)
3) Inter neurons
Ensures the transmission of the influx to all neurons

3. Reflexes – travel at a speed of 100m/s or 360km/h
Improve intelligences
use all sense
Vitamine B (eggs milk, meat) – strengthen neurons
Exercise – brings needed 20% of Oxygen
Rest

4. Central Nervous system
Brain: consists of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem
The brain is protected by many various layers
Skin
Skull bone
Fluids
*** Interestingly enough, your brain does not have any nerves in it and therefore cannot feel pain.

5. Anatomy of the Eye Sclera: Choroids: Retina:
Outer membrane of the eye (white part of the eye) that protects the eye and gives it its shape.
Choroids:
Middle back layer of the eye (black) that has blood vessels that supplies the eye with nutrients and O2.
Retina:
Back of the eye that responds to the light due to its rods and cones (neurons, nerves) that respond to light and send messages to the brain via the optical nerve

6. Eye Anatomy Cornea: Iris: Pupil:
Transparent part at the front of the eye (what you would touch when you touch your eye) that protects the eye. It is sensitive to cold, wind or smoke.
Iris:
Color of the eye. Its function is to control the amount of light going into the eye. (changes sizes to make the pupil look bigger or smaller)
Pupil:
black hole of the eye where light enters

7. Rods: Cones: Optic nerve: Blind spot:
work in dim light sees shape and size
Cones:
work in bright light to see colors and specifics
Optic nerve:
carries impulses from the neurons to the brain
Blind spot:
area on the retina where there are no neurons. Where the optic nerve and retina meet

8. Aqueous humour: Vitreous humour: Lens:
transparent liquid between the cornea and lens
Function: nourishes and maintains shape of the eye
Vitreous humour:
transparent liquid between the lens and the retina
Function : nourishes and maintains the shape of the eye
Lens:
Hard disc of the eye
Function : changes size forces to focus

9. Vision – close up

10. Vision – A natural Reflex
Accommodation reflex:
The lens can modify its shape based on the distance you are trying to focus with
For close elements
short and fat
the lens curves and thickens
For far elements
long and thin
the lens moves so light lands properly on the retina

11. Vision – Snellen Chart
20/20 what you should see is located at the bottom what you do see is at the top. Go forward by 1 foot until line number seven becomes clear (13/20)
Some people have above normal vision (25/20)

12. Vision – Eye Problems Astigmatism: Glaucoma:
lens and cornea are not symmetrical and light does not land on the right area of the retina
Glaucoma:
Increase of level of aqueous
This build up should be expelled by the eye ducts but dusts gets blocked so there is a blockage
Worst case: The eye duct do not drain so the pressure increases. If left untreated the pressure becomes so high that the eye explodes
Rods and cones don’t get O2 and die = blind
Cataract:
the lens becomes opaque so light does not go through anymore

13. Vision – Other common ailments
Near sightedness (myopia):
A person can see things from close clearly but not from far. 2 reasons why people are myopic
a) congenital malformation (you are born with it, it didn’t form properly as a fetus)
problem: The eye is too long so the image does not reach the retina properly so the images are blurry
Accomodation reflex does not work properly. The muscles of the lens are weak and the leans stays in the short and fat position. So you see clearly from close but not from far. It can get better if you always wear your glasses
Solution:
Concave lenses. They work because they give the extra layers light needs to reach the retina

14. Farsightedness: person can see from far and not from close : Prebyopic
2 reasons
a) congenital malformation: Eye is too short. Born with this problem. The light ays fall behind the retina so you see bleurry
Lens always stays in the long and thin position. Often happes as a person gets older. When looking at something close it is bleurry but from far is is clear
Solution: convex lenses. The shape of the lens that is missing. Image begins to be refracted earlier so image lands on retina.

15. Vision – Care of the eye read at 25-30 cm away
Look away to curve the lens to focus at different positions
Vitamin A promotes good vision (vegtables, meat)
Daily eye care

16. The knowledge behind the light
How do we see?
The knowledge behind the light

17. Electromagnetic spectrum
Definition:
The EM is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation.
The "electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just spectrum) of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that object.

18. Electromagnetic spectrum
All electromagnetic waves have energy
The higher the frequency (waves/sec) the more energy it has and the more potentially damaging it can be.

19. The visible Spectrum Wavelengths found between 400 -700 nm
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet
**White light is the combination of all the visible wavelengths

20. Light
How does light react?
Is it a particle or a wave?

21. Light Light always travels in straight lines
Light diffuses in a homogeneous medium
Light can be deviated by
Refraction
Reflection

22. Reflection
Some objects are visible because they emit their own light, however most objects do not.
These objects can be seen because light hits the object and is reflected.

23. Reflection
Definition:
When light “bounces” off an object

24. How do we see colour?
The white light hits the object. The visible wavelengths are absorbed except the wavelength that corresponds to the object’s colour, this wavelength is reflected.

25. Normal
Incident Ray
Reflected Ray θi θr

26. Laws of Reflection
The angle of incidence (θi) and the angle of refraction (θr) are equal
Both angles are on the same plane

27. Reflection in a “flat” mirror
Creation of a “virtual” image

28. To trace a virtual image…
Prolong the mirror if necessary
Draw lines perpendicular to the mirror
Measure the distance from the object to the mirror
Measure the same distance on the other side
Draw the lines from the virtual image to the observer
Draw lines from the object to the mirror

29. Refraction
When light is deviated by passing from one translucent medium to another that does not possess the same mass/volume ratio.
Examples of mediums that refract light:
Glass, plastic, water, diamonds, oil

30. How does refraction work?
The light changes direction because, depending on the medium, light travels at different speeds.
The higher the mass/volume ratio the slower the light will travel.

31. Normal
Incident Ray θi θr
Refracted Ray

32. ** A ray going from an area of low m/v ratio to an area with a higher m/v ratio will have an θr smaller (will be closer to the normal) than the θi.
** A ray going from an area high m/v ratio to an area with a lower m/v ratio will have an θr larger (will be farther to the normal) than the θi.

33. *** At a specific incidence angle, the light rays are reflected instead of refraction (i.e. internal reflection)
E.g. fiber optics

34. Light and prisms The refraction angle depends on the wavelengths
The greater the wavelength the smaller the refraction angle
If the prism’s 2 sides are parallel, the outgoing rays are parallel to the incoming ray

35. If the prism’s 2 sides are not parallel, the sides will increase the separation of the outgoing rays

36. Mirages
Mirages also work by refraction. The heat changes the water content in the air and modifies the refraction index, causing the light to bend

37. Refraction and Sight Emmetropia (Perfect vision)
Hyperopia (farsightedness) Difficulty to see near objects. The image focuses behind the retina. Either the cornea or the shape of the eye is incorrect.
Myopia. Images focus before the retina. Either the cornea or the shape of the eye is incorrect.